Marine Birds

Reptiles, Birds, Mammals Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata 3 Classes: Class Reptilia Class Aves (birds) Class Mammalia

Birds Evolution http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/~bio336/Bio336/Lectures/Lecture5/dinobird.jpg http://www.phyletisches-museum.uni-jena.de/images/archaeopteryx_berlin_1864.jpg

Birds Advantages over reptiles: Can fly (almost all), hollow bones Endotherms, homeotherms (retain generated body heat and regulate it to a constant temp.) Feathers waterproofed w/ oil Layer of body fat (penguins) Eggs with hard shells

Marine Birds Only 3% of all bird species Evolved from different groups of land birds Spend significant part of life at sea Feed on marine organisms http://farm1.static.flickr.com/78/243136146_c609f7f34d.jpg?v=0 http://www.stanford.edu/~bhackett/los-cabos-2004-06/images/cormorant.jpg http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature12/_mg_2896a_std.jpg?1237927987 http://creagrus.home.montereybay.com/SUSC-wClam5Mr08ML_8093f.jpg

Marine Birds Must nest on land http://www.galenfrysinger.com/nz_north_island_gannets.htm http://www.scn.org/savelake/NL.Spring.2004/NL.Spring.2004_files/GreatBlueHeron.Nest.jpg

Marine Birds Salt secreting glands Webbed feet for swimming (not all) http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch44/44_07BirdSaltExcretGlands.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Australian_pelican_feet_Pengo.jpg

Marine Birds Dense waterproof plumage (except commorants and some terns) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phalacrocorax-auritus-007.jpg http://www.rosssea.info/pix/big/Bullers_Albatross.jpg

Marine Birds Migrations (not all) Arctic tern - 24,000 mi roundtrip between Arctic and Antarctica Sooty shearwaters - 40,000 mi/yr http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/images/060808-bird-migration_big.jpg

Penguins 17 species Fairy (aka Little blue) penguins – up to 16 in (recovering from oil spill) Emperor penguins - up to 45 in http://www.emperor-penguin.com/emperor-pic.jpg http://images.newstatesman.com/articles/2007/980/981_p17.1.jpg

Penguins Southern hemisphere only (Galapagos south to Antarctica) http://www.penguins.cl/penguins/map.jpg

Penguins Wings act as flippers Don’t fly in air, but swim very well (fly through the water) Wings act as flippers King penguin Adelie penguins Emperor penguins http://www.arkive.org/media/10/1007916C-1271-45FB-A448-2C5CC3901894/Presentation.Medium/King-penguin-swimming-underwater.jpg http://www.arkive.org/media/9A/9A6D101C-6263-4EBF-A656-085BC360BEBA/Presentation.Large/photo.jpg http://www.emperor-penguin.com/empswim.jpg

Penguins Eyes better adapted for underwater vision than air Adapted for colder waters and air temps Black-footed penguin (aka African, Jackass) Gentoo penguin http://www.emperor-penguin.com/empswim.jpg

Penguins Larger penguins eat fish, squid Smaller eat large plankton (krill) Mostly feed near surface Some dive to 1800+ ft, 22 mins Galapagos penguin http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/files/2008/06/image_krill.jpg http://www.arkive.org/media/DC/DCBD3DC6-72B7-4ED4-B45D-DEAD36C50DEF/Presentation.Medium/Galapagos-penguin-with-fish-in-beak.jpg

Penguins Nesting Gentoo penguin Magellanic penguins King penguin http://www.arkive.org/media/A5/A55FDBCA-BE94-4B8E-BADD-BB2A850E2BED/Presentation.Medium/Gentoo-penguin-on-nest.jpg http://www.arkive.org/media/66/66EEC887-1D96-4491-9DE0-F7F2F454259F/Presentation.Medium/Magellanic-penguin-with-chick-at-nesting-burrow.jpg http://www.arkive.org/media/54/54D67DCF-ADDA-4043-BAE4-323171BC0B54/Presentation.Medium/King-penguin-incubating-egg.jpg

Penguins Rockhopper penguin Macaroni penguins Yellow eyed penguins http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macaroni_Penguins_(js).jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Falkland_Islands_Penguins_88.jpg http://www.arkive.org/media/07/07E739BA-046E-49F3-A52E-4E74DC570BEF/Presentation.Medium/Pair-of-yellow-eyed-penguins-interacting-on-rocks.jpg

Marine Birds Tubenoses Albatrosses, shearwaters, and petrels Storm petrel Shearwater Albatross – longest wingspan http://scienceblogs.com/zooillogix/Albatross%20II.jpg http://www.oceanwanderers.com/Cresli.GtShwater.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Oceanites_oceanicusPCCA20070623-3634B.jpg

Marine Birds Pelicans and web-footed birds Cormorants, frigates, gannets Brown pelican Cormorant NOAA Gannet Frigate NOAA http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature35/_mg_3067a_std.jpg?1237303661 http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature16/_mg_1247_std.jpg?1237846082

Marine Birds Gulls Jaegers/skuas, terns, puffins, razorbills Herring gull Least tern Horned puffin http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature16/_mg_3230_std.jpg?1237846390 http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature29/_mg_0029_std.jpg?1237417451 http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature20/_mg_0258_std.jpg?1238880420

Marine Birds Feeding strategies

Marine Birds Beak shapes:

Marine Birds Shorebirds – beak length

Marine Birds Shorebirds Sandpipers, plovers, coots Sandpiper Godwit American coot http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature21/_mg_8004_std.jpg?1238884135 http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature20/_mg_9795_std.jpg?1238881492 http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature21/_mg_7910_std.jpg?1238884080

Piping Plovers 3 breeding populations (NE Atl. coast, Great Lakes, Great Plains) Spend winters SE Atl. coast, Gulf of Mexico ~6400 alive Threatened/ endangered status http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/pe/pei-ipe/images/endangered_poster.gif http://network.nature.com/system/photo/000/002/128/Piping%20Plover%20Parent%20and% http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/esa_works/gallery/images2/piping-plover-Great-Lakes-USFWS-Nebraska-game-and-parks.jpg

Marine Birds Shorebirds Herons, egrets Black-crowned night heron Great blue heron Black-crowned night heron Great egret http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature2/146-4663_img_std.jpg?1238264551 http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_1d4KXeNTJOM/SdByzDE4VMI/AAAAAAAAA1s/mgKYk0mD4Rk/s1600-h/GREG+Bay+Area+2+5x7_1_1.jpg http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature10/_mg_9522_std.jpg?1238877308

Marine Birds Shorebirds Swans, geese, loons Ducks, coots, grebes, mergansers Common merganser Wood duck Mute swans http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature35/_mg_2192a_std.jpg?1237303350 http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature14/_mg_0203_std.jpg?1238877989

Marine Birds Birds of prey Eagles, ospreys http://www.naturespicsonline.com/galleries/Nature36/_mg_6824_std.jpg?1237300679 http://buildyourownbirdhouseplans.com/images/OspreyWithFishForward.jpg

Human Impacts Pollution – pesticides, PCBs, metals Bioaccumulation, biomagnification USFWS