Francis Fukuyama Center for Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law July 23, 2012 What is Development?

Dimensions of Development Economic Growth

Source: Gregory Clarke, A Farewell to Alms (2007), p. 195

Source: Clarke (2007), p. 2

Dimensions of Development Economic GrowthSocial Mobilization “the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market”

Classic Social Theory Adam Smith ( ): “ The division of labor is limited by the extent of the market” Henry Maine ( ): Status to contract Émile Durkheim ( ): Mechanical to organic solidarity, anomie Max Weber ( ): Charismatic to bureaucratic/rational authority Ferdinand Tönnies ( ): Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft

Dimensions of Development Economic GrowthSocial Mobilization State-buildingRule of LawAccountability Political Development “the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market”

Dimensions of Development Economic Growth Social Mobilization State-buildingRule of LawAccountability “the division of labor is limited by the extent of the market”

Dimensions of Development Economic Growth Social Mobilization Ideas/Legitimacy State-buildingRule of LawAccountability

The Modern Development Paradigm Economic GrowthSocial Mobilization Legitimacy State-buildingRule of LawDemocracy

South Korea, Economic GrowthSocial Mobilization Legitimacy State-buildingRule of LawDemocracy

The Huntington Paradigm of Political Decay Economic Growth Social Mobilization Legitimacy State-buildingRule of LawDemocracy = negative causal relationship

Russia in the 1990s Economic Growth Social Mobilization Ideas/Legitimacy State-buildingRule of LawDemocracy

Political Development State-buildingRule of LawAccountability

Democracy and Good Governance Current orthodoxy In democracies, the median voter will demand efficient services and punish corrupt officials Problems with this theory Voters may not have sufficient information Voters may not be organized Voters may be organized ethnically, religiously, or clientelistically Clientelism as an early form of accountability Populist opposition to elite bureaucracy

Democracy and Rule of Law In Europe, rule of law preceded not just democracy but also the modern state Non-western RoL systems collapsed after contact with West Zakaria argument that RoL should be sequenced before democracy Cases in modern times virtually a null set Singapore and Hong Kong as deviant examples No constituency for RoL without democracy Islamists a possible example But can have democracy without RoL

A Parting Thought for Practitioners of Development “nec omnes provinciae sic sunt idiotae quibus leges propriae melius non sint notae” “The local people are not such idiots as not to know better about their own laws” --13th century ode to Simon de Montfort