CSCE555 Bioinformatics Lecture 3 Gene Finding Meeting: MW 4:00PM-5:15PM SWGN2A21 Instructor: Dr. Jianjun Hu Course page: University of South Carolina Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Roadmap Transcription and Translation Structure and Organization of Genes Gene Finding in genomes of Prokaryotic organisms Introduction to Sequence Alignment Summary 4/22/20152

How to Do Great Bioinformatics? You need to understand biology You need to understand the NEEDS of biologists You know how to identify the key problems in biology that become addressable today

Transcription & Translation Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells

Transcription Process: RNA Polymerase

Translation: How Ribosome Synthesizes Proteins Ribosomes manufacture proteins based on mRNA instructions. Each ribosome reads mRNA, recruits tRNA molecules to fetch amino acids, and assembles the amino acids in the proper order. Genetic Code

Gene Structure of Prokaryotic Cells TAA TGA TAG

Genes in Eukaryotic Cells

Pre-mRNA Splicing Process

1  M Alternative Splicing Gene Info: 1) A DNA sequence coding for the pre-mRNA 2) An additional DNA code or other regulating process, which regulates the alternative splicing.

Core Promoter Structure

Roadmap Transcription and Translation Structure and Organization of Genes Gene Finding in genomes of Prokaryotic organisms Introduction to Sequence Alignment Summary 4/22/201513

How to Find Genes TAA TGA TAG ATG

Gene-Finding Algorithm Input: DNA sequences, a threshold gene length K Output: All possible ORF sequences Procedure: Scan each of 3 ORFs, and find subsequence that start with ATG and end with one of (TAA, TAG, TGA) Repeat above for the complementary sequences also

Risk of the Simple Gene Finding Algorithm The identified ORFs may arise just from randomness. How likely is it for an ORF to be a result of random sequences? Significance of an ORF to be Gene: ◦ We expect the likelihood of ORF being result of random sequences to be less than p.

Calculating p 3 out of 64 are stopping condons P( run of k non-stop condons)=(61/64)^k (61/64)^62=0.051 Setting k=64 (62+1 ATG+ 1 StopCondon) will make sure the identified ORFs are less likely to be out of random permutation.

Permutation Test/Randomization Test A generic method to estimate significance level (p value) Example: how likely that a 10-condon ORF is result of random permutation? Method: ◦ Randomly generate (or permute given sequences) 10,000 sequences ◦ Draw a histogram of seq lengths of sequences that have a stop-condon (Null distribution) ◦ Calculate the percentage of random ORFs that have lengths >=10.

Estimating cut-off K for gene finding algorithm Exact theoretical calculation: sensitive to the assumptions, equal probability of condons, etc Randomized test: do a permutation test, find a length k such that <5% of random ORFs have lengths greater than k.

Sequence Alignment: the Problem Given two sequences, measure their similarity ATAACTTTAATTAA ATCCTTTTACTAAA

Web Tool to Align Two Sequences

Applications of Sequence Alignment Prediction of functions of (gene/protein/promoters)  homology Database search ◦ Find similar sequences that are similar to our query sequence (e.g. new gene) Gene finding by genome comparison Sequence divergence/phylogeny Sequence Assembly

Summary Transcription, Translation Gene structures of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells Finding genes (ORFs) for prokaryotic cells Sequence alignment applications