Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Preventing School Violence in Turkey: Good Practices and Innovative Policies Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University Faculty of Education Ankara, Turkey Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Number of Schools, Students and Teachers Type of School Number of Schools Number of Students Number of Teachers Pre-School 13,692 358,499 19,122 Primary School 36,117 10,479,538 384,029 High School 2,831 1,983,998 86,051 Vocational School 3,681 1,050,394 73,998 Higher Education 72 1,841,546 78,804 Total 56,393 1,5713,975 642,004 Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Schools in Turkey Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey What is violence? Diffrent deffinitions exists, Violence in educational environments is a deliberate physical, psychological or social attack or intervention towards students or teachers and result in physical or psychological pain in individuals. Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey What is violence? “the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against onself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation” (WHO) Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

SCHOOL VIOLENCE IN TURKEY INCIDENCE TOTAL % Pyhsical Abuse 814 32,9 Alcohol and Drug Abuse 84 3,4 Bullying 491 19,8 Gender Violence 65 2,6 Vandalism 234 9,5 Stealing 184 7,4 Use of Weapons and rifles 196 7,9 Forming Gangs and Gang Membership 27 1,1 Using knifes 47 1,9 Gossiping and Name Calling 323 13,1 Killing at Schools 9 0,4 2474 %100 TOTAL NUMBER of Students who involve these incedence = 6224 * the data collected after 26.04.2006 Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Problem Areas in Relation with School Violence in Educational System Low school attendence Low rates of primary school completion High drop-out rates especially for girls Early marriage for girls Teen-age pregnancy Traditional and religious beliefs Gender stereotypes Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Type of School Based Prevention Programs Educational Student Support Services School – Home – Community Linkages Environmental / Technological School Policies and Procedures The Others Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Type of School Based Prevention Programs: Educational Pece education Cooperative learning Conflict resolution Peer mediation Gang prevention / reduction Crime prevention and law-related education Handgun violence prevention education Life skills training / social competence Relationship / family violence prevention Prejudice reduction / cultural awareness Stress management Positive anger release Street-smart kids Personal power Self-esteem Dealing with death Bullying prevention Aggression reducation Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Type of School Based Prevention Programs: Student Support Services Mentors and role models Career exploration Work experience placement School-based health clinics Peer-counseling Student support groups Individual counseling Group counseling Student leadership Drop-out prevention Extracurricular activities Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Type of School Based Prevention Programs: School-Home-Community Linkages Family support programs Parent-skills training Volunteer-parent patrols School-business partnership Interagency collaborations School-community task forces School advisory committees Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Type of School Based Prevention Programs: Environmental / Technological Metal dedectors Gun-free school zones Locker search Bookbag bans Classroom phones Safe coridor/safe haven policies Closed-circuit TV Dress codes X-ray machines Gun and drug sniffing dogs Locker removal Closed campuses Magnetic door locks Student I.D. cards School security staff Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Type of School Based Prevention Programs: School Policies and Procedures School safety plans Zero tolerance policies Suspension, expulsion and formal charges Staff development Multicultural awareness Sensitivity training Gang elimination procedures Student / staff conduct discipline codes Student arbitration boards Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Type of School Based Prevention Programs: The Others Alternative curriculums Alternative schools Improvements to school campuses Youth crime watch Crisis management teams Violence hotlines Student speak-outs Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

School violence prevention: What works? Perspective-taking Problem-solving Family behavior management Family problem-solving Decreasing gun access Decrasing media violence Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

School violence prevention: What doesn’t works? Scare tactics Didactic programs Programs focusing only on self-esteem Segregating aggressive / antisocial students Programs focusing only on anger-management Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

School violence prevention: What’s promising / limited testing? Peer mediation Mentoring Social skills training Classroom-management techniques Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Current Efforts for Preventing Violence at Schools in Turkey REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF NATIONAL EDUCATION PREVENTING AND REDUCING VIOLENCE IN EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (2006-2011+) Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Main Strategies in “Strategy and Action Plan” An information based management notion A multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary approach Holistic approach Developmental approach Prevention, protection and intervention approach Capacity building Sustainability of services Monitoring and Evaluation Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Intervention Areas I. Management process II. Teachers and school administrators III. Students IV. Educational environment and its surroundings V. Familiy Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Social Strategy Violence Prevention Service Delivery Shared responsibility Increased role for professions Multi-disciplinary Multi-skilled, dedifferentiated work force Increased outreach from traditional specialty base Linkages with Employment Linkages with Health Linkages with Social Services Voluntary Organizations FOCUS Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Strategic Framework: School Violence Promotation Most policy initiatives are concerned predominantly on treatment and prevention of school violence interventions Need to focus on “protective factors” that have a mediating role on impact of stressful life events, e.g., response to trauma or loss Need a strategic framework for School Violence promotion to strike a balance between reducing risk factors and strengthening positive protective factors Strengthening “resilience” within the school Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Meeting the Needs: Vision SCHOOL VIOLENCE PROMOTION PREVENTION INTER-SECTORAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICES CLINICAL INDIVIDUAL WORK Diverse Agenda: Promotion and public education Primary Prevention Social Supports Intersectoral linkages Community Services Specialist Services Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

School Violence Prevention Work Essentials Change Concepts Research Outcomes Stakeholders Domains Provision Resources Context Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

A Five-Year Perspective Time to overcome: Community scepticism Political concerns Bureaucratic concerns Professional resistance Scarce resources Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Social Strategy Educational Service Delivery Shared responsibility Increased role for Student Personnel Services (School counselors, school psychologists) Multi-disciplinary Multi-skilled, dedifferentiated work force Linkages with Employment Linkages with Health Linkages with Social Services Voluntary Organizations FOCUS Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Three Key Elements in School Violence Prevention Effords Knowledge base Social strategies Political will Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Key Element 1: School Violence Prevention Knowledge Base Evidence Based Research Causal and Risk Mechanisms Clinical Effectiveness of Interventions Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Individuals shape organizations Individuals who practice evidence-based decision making Evidence-based organizations Organizations facilitate the development of individuals Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Key Element 2 School Violence Prevention Social Strategies Central level Provincial level Community level Individual and Family level Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Key Element 3 School Violence Prevention Political Will Priorities Stewardship Justice Vision Political Will Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Dimensions of Public Policy Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey

Preventing School Violence: Good Practices and Innovative Policies Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Assoc. Prof. Hacettepe University Faculty of Education Department of Educational Sciences Program of Counseling and Guidance 0653, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90.312.2978551 Fax: +90.312.2978560 E-Mail: ergene@hacettepe.edu.tr Tuncay Ergene, Ph.D. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey