REVOLUTIONS OF 1830 AND 1848

What are the reasons for revolutions? Consider the causes of the French Revolution Consider the causes of the Latin American Revolutions

Liberty Leading the People

Where is this happening? How can you tell? What has happened/is happening in the scene? What is meant by Liberty leading the people?

Background to the 1830 Revolution Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) regained the throne – What was the principle of restoring the rightful leaders back to power? What was the name of the famous conference after Napoleon’s time in power when leaders tried to get Europe back to normal?

Louis XVIII and Liberal Reforms Approved a constitution – the Charter of French Liberties Two-house legislature and limited freedom of the press

Charles X Takes the Throne Louis XVIII died in 1824; brother Charles X takes over Charles X believed in absolutism – What does this mean? What do you think he will do with the constitution? Why? Suspends the legislature and restricts the right to vote and limits freedom of the press

Citizens Led the July Revolution Angry liberals and RADICALS (those favoring extreme change) took to the streets “To the barricades!” Fired on soldiers and pelted them with stones and roof tiles The revolutionary tri-color flag flew from the towers of Notre Dame cathedral Charles X fled to England

The “Citizen King” Rules France Radicals wanted to establish a republic Moderate liberals chose a constitutional monarchy Louis Philippe, cousin of Charles X chosen, because during his youth, he supported the 1789 French Revolution Louis Philippe got along with the liberal bourgeoisie Louis’ policies favored the wealthy – the majority of people could still not vote

Louis Philippe – The “Citizen King” He supported the 1789 Revolution Later in his career, his government was marked by corruption and greed

Louis Philippe as Gargantua http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_-_Gargantua.jpg

The Spirit of Reform Spreads Metternich – Austrian foreign minister “When France sneezes, Europe catches cold.” Ex. Belgian independence Belgium had been united with Holland and was ruled by the Dutch king Belgian bourgeoisie resented that (Belgians spoke different language and had different religion)

Belgium Gains Independence 1830 Uprising in Paris inspired Belgians – they can do it too! Yes we can! Belgians took up arms against Dutch troops in Brussels Britain and France believed they would benefit from the separation of Belgium and Holland – supported the Belgian demand for independence 1831 – Belgium becomes independent and has a liberal constitution

Rebels Fail in Poland In the late 1700s, Poland was divided among Russia, Prussia, and Austria The Poles hoped to regain their independence at the Congress of Vienna It didn’t happen. Instead most of it went to Russia In 1830, Polish students, army officers, and landowners rose in revolt. They failed to get enough support and the Russian brutally crushed the revolt.

The French Revolt Again in 1848 Radicals such as Utopian Socialists wanted the end of private property Louis Philippe’s government was corrupt Recession caused unemployment Poor harvests – bread prices rose February 1848 – government tried to limit people’s freedom to assemble and express their frustration

1848 Revolt in Paris People took to the barricades and clashed with royal troops Louis Philippe abdicated Liberal, radical, and socialist leaders proclaimed the Second Republic (the first was from 1792 – 1804 when Napoleon became emperor)

The Second Republic Was Deeply Divided Middle-class liberals wanted moderate political reforms Socialists wanted major changes Forced the government to set up national workshops to provide jobs for the unemployed Bourgeois liberals gained greater control of the government and shut down the workshops

More Fighting in Paris in 1848 Angry workers rioted in the streets Bourgeois liberals commanded the army to put down the riot – 1,500 people died in fighting Peasants turned against the workers because they feared that as socialists, they would want to confiscate their land A bitter legacy – middle-class distrusted the socialists and the workers hated the bourgeoisie

A New Napoleon Comes to Power The National Assembly was dominated by members who wanted to restore order It created a strong president and one house legislature Extended voting rights to all adult men – widest suffrage in Europe – 9 million Frenchmen could vote compared with only 200,000 before

A New Napoleon Comes to Power Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon is elected The working class supported the new Napoleon – sympathetic to poverty The conservatives supported him – famous family name, hoping to regain glory days 1852 – crowned himself Napoleon III – end of the Second Republic and beginning of Second Empire Used a plebiscite (vote of the people) to uphold this power play – 90% of voters supported his move to establish the Second Empire

The New Napoleon Economy recovered in 1850s – bourgeoisie were happy

Revolution Surges Through Europe 1848 – Revolution in Paris set off revolutions around Europe Grievances had been piling up Middle-class liberals wanted greater political rights Workers demanded relief from miseries of Industrial Revolution Nationalists wanted independence from foreign rule

What countries on the map experienced uprisings/revolutions?

Austrian Revolution Revolts in major cities Remember Metternich? For what famous event was he the chief organizer? Metternich censored newspapers but books were smuggled into universities Workers and students took control of the streets in Vienna Metternich resigned and fled in disguise

Conclusion “You say you want a revolution. Well you know. We all want to change the world. You say you want a constitution. Well, you know. We all want to change the world.” Who said this? What caused the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848? Long-term causes? Short-term causes?