Toxics Use Reduction Institute Facility Maintenance Using Bio-based Materials Opportunities to Green Your Company Dr. Jason Marshall Laboratory Director Surface Solutions Lab (978)

Why Biobased Products May 2002, Section 9002 of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (Public Law ) –Federal agencies are mandated by this law to purchase and promote the purchase of biobased products United States Department of Agriculture –Memorandum in January of 2005 –Establishing the USDA biobased procurement program –Intent to increase the purchase and use of biobased products by Federal Government

What is Biobased A biobased product as defined by the Secretary of Agriculture –To be a commercial or industrial product (other than food or feed) that is composed, in whole or in significant part, of biological products or renewable domestic agricultural materials (including plant, animal, and marine materials) or forestry materials.

Whole or Significant Part What does that really mean? Lab set up four categories –Whole100% –Significant≥50% –Partial≥25% –Minimal<25% must be greater than 0% This is where we want to be

Biobased Sources General source of materials in products –Soy –Corn –Plant –Citrus –Other

Compare Current Products with Alternatives Evaluate traditional cleaning products for performance under controlled setting Evaluated bio-based alternatives under laboratory conditions as well –Green Seal GS37 certification process Industrial and Institutional Cleaners –Green Seal GS40 Industrial & Institutional Floor-Care Products

Find Out What Your Potential Applications Are Identify potential areas for using biobased products –All purpose cleaning –Hard surface cleaning –Glass Cleaning –Carpet Cleaning –Floor finish & stripping –Vehicle maintenance

Start Small Pilot on One Possibility –Floor Stripping and Cleaning

Process Phase I Product Identification Lab Testing Field Testing Evaluate EH&S Evaluate Economics Recommendations for Change

Product Identification Floor Finish Stripping

Biobased Product Identification Floor Finish Stripping Existing floor strippers –Not many out there Lab’s website: –Wax removal –Coating removal Web Search

Lab’s Website

Partial List of Possible Floor Finish Strippers

Product Profile

Laboratory Testing Floor Finish Stripping

Lab Testing Floor Finish Stripping Bench scale testing –P–Preliminary screening –M–Manual wipe –M–Mechanical abrasion –S–See handouts Pre-pilot testing –F–Floor stripping machine

Screening Floor Finish Stripping Have identified over 50 possible biobased products Established a screening process to aid in the identification of products that may be effective –Necessary as many of the identified products were not manufactured for floor stripping applications –Generally designed to remove other types of coating systems

Screening Results Floor Finish Stripping Reduced the number of possible products down to 20 –Half of were very effective –Half were partially successful

Bench Testing Floor Finish Stripping Vinyl composition floor tile Scrub pad Stripping was performed at 175 rpm –Using pad attached to variable speed drill 15 effective products –Some had strong odors

Bench Testing Results Floor Finish Stripper ManufacturerProduct Franmar ChemicalSoy Strip Franmar ChemicalSoy Gel SoySafeSoySafe Graffiti Remover Vertec BioSolventsHousehold Paint Stripper SpartanGreen Solutions SpartanGreen Solutions The Clean Environment CoCycle-Strip EcolinkSafe Strip Inland Technologies IncEP 921 Finger Lakes ChemicalPine Strip Green ProductsaMAIZeing

Lab Testing Floor Finish Stripping Testing with dilutions and full strength –Included newly received products Testing process in the laboratory was closely matched with typical stripping process Odor evaluations

Field Testing Floor Finish Stripping

Top performers should be used on site –Work completed by your staff –Can be witnessed by Lab staff to help with objectivity Survey workers –During stripping with existing solvent –With biobased alternative

Evaluation Form For Janitorial Cleaning User Name: Location Used: Square footage cleaned: Name of Product: Product Manufacturer: Section I: Surfaces Cleaned □ Appliances □ Carpets □ Countertops □ Ovens □ Furniture such as desks and chairs (specify type, if possible): □ Fixtures (faucets, etc.) □ Hardwood floors □ Laundry □ Marble or ceramic □ Tiles of any other kind □ Mirrors and glass □ Toilet, sink or tub (porcelain/fiberglass) □ Windows □ Other (describe): Section II: Soils Removed □ Dirt □ Dust □ Food □ Fingerprints □ Grease/grime □ Personal care products such as hair spray, etc. (please specify): □ Scuff marks □ Soap scum □ Stains (please specify): □ Floor coating/wax □ Other (describe):

Evaluation Form Section III: Cleaning Methods Application: □ Wipe □ Scrub (manual) □ Soak □ Spray □ Mechanical agitation □ Other (describe): Supplies Used: □ Cloth □ Paper towel □ Mop □ Pad (describe): □ Other (describe): Cleaning Time (in minutes): Cleaning Cycle (daily, weekly, etc.): Performance Comparison: Yes No 1. Does this product perform satisfactorily overall? □ □ 2. Does this product take longer than normal? □ □ 3. Does this product require more effort to achieve needed level of cleaning? □ □ Health Comparison: Yes No 1. Does this product have any unpleasant odor? □ □ 2. Are there any skin problems with this product? □ □ 3. Is there any eye irritation with this product? □ □ 4. Is there any respiratory reaction to this product? □ □ ANY OTHER ADDITIONAL COMMENTS:

Evaluate EH&S

EH & S Comparisons Current Product Top alternative products evaluated in the lab and on-site –SSL’s Safety Screening –TURI’s Pollution Prevention Options Analysis System (P2OASys)

Lab Safety Screening EHS analysis –Based on 5 parameters Volatile Organic Content (VOC) Global Warming Potential (GWP) Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) National Fire Protection Association hazard rating (NFPA) or Hazardous Material Information System ratings (HMIS) pH –Provides quick screening of cleaning alternatives based on SSL’s focus

VOCs Source control –Eliminate products that have high levels of VOCs –Purchase new products that contain low or no VOCs (Environmentally Preferable Purchasing) VOC content (g/l) Pts >3000 Screening Values

GWPs Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere –Include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone Others result from human activities –Very powerful greenhouse gases that are generated in a variety of industrial processes, including cleaning processes GWP ScorePts GWP = 010 GWP = 1 (CO2)5 All others =0

ODPs The ratio of the amount of ozone depletion of a chemical compared to the amount of ozone depletion of the same mass of CFC-11 Certain manufactured substances can destroy stratospheric ozone much faster than it is formed ODP PointsPts ODP = 010 All others =0

HMIS/NFPA Individual Indicator Scores –Add up HMIS/NFPA for each category –Use table to determine the number of points to assess HMIS/NFPA Point Assessment TotalPtsExamples 010 H-0 F-0 R-0 19 H-0 F-0 R-1, H-0 F-1 R-0 28 H-1 F-1 R-0, H-2 F-0 R-0 37 H-1 F-1 R-1, H-2 F-1 R-0 32 H-3 F-0 R-0 46 H-2 F-2 R-0, H-1 F-2 R-1 41 H-1 F-3 R-0 55 H-2 F-2 R-1 50 H-1 F-3 R-1, H-2 F-3 R-0 64 H-2 F-2 R-2 60 H-3 F-3 R-0 7, 8, 90 H-3 F-3 R-1, H-3 F-3 R-2

pH Neutral substances receive the highest Individual Indicator points Both very acidic and very basic are both avoided pHPts

Example Safety Screening Results

Safety Screening Example of Floor Finish Stripping Safety Screening Values VOCGWPODP HMIS/NFPA pH Total Score Rank ProductsHFR50 max 1 = best ProStripper (non-bio) Super Stripper EnviroCare Floor Stripper Whistle Jet Cleaner Super Orange Jel Cycle Strip

Safety Screening Should not be concluded from these results alone that all biobased products are safer with respect to EHS A full EHS study should be conducted on the products with better Safety Screening Scores –TURI’s 5 Chemical Assessment –P2OASys

Pollution Prevention Options Assessment System P2OASys –Helps companies determine if TUR options being considered have any unforeseen negative environmental, worker or public health impacts –Specific process information used to establish baseline of hazards associated with current system

P2OASys Criteria Major CategoryNumber of Criteria Acute human effects10 Chronic human effects8 Physical hazards5 Aquatic hazards5 Persistence/bioaccumulation5 Atmospheric hazard4 Disposal hazard4 Chemical hazard13 Energy & resource use3 Product hazard3 Exposure potential1

Standardized Hazard Score Data Base Acute human effectsUnits Inhalation LC50ppm <15 PEL/TLVppm <5 PEL/TLV (dusts/particles)mg/m <0.1 IDLHppm <10 Respiratory irritationL/M/HLL/MMM/HH Oral LD50mg/kg <5 dermal irritationL/M/HLL/MMM/HH skin absorptionL/M/HLL/MMM/HH dermal LD50mg/kg <5 ocular irritationL/M/HLL/MMM/HH Chronic human effects Reference Dose RfDmg/kg/day <0.001 carcinogen IARC/EPA Class 4,E3,D2B,C2A,B1,A mutagenL/M/HLL/MMM/HH reproductive effectsL/M/HLL/MMM/HH neurotoxicityL/M/HLL/MMM/HH developmental effectsL/M/HLL/MMM/HH respir. sensistivity/diseaseL/M/HLL/MMM/HH other chronic organ effectsL/M/HLL/MMM/HH P2OASys Criteria

Physical hazards heatWBGT, °C >32 noise generationdBA >90.00 vibrationm/S >12.00 ergonomic hazardL/M/HLL/MMM/HH psychosocial hazardL/M/HLL/MMM/HH Aquatic hazards Water Quality Criteria (HWQC)mg/l> <1 aquatic LC50mg/l <0.10 fish NOAECmg/l < plant EC 50mg/l <0.1 observed ecological effectsL/M/HLL/MMM/HH Persistence/bioaccumulation persistenceL/M/HLL/MMM/HH BOD half-lifedays >500 hydrolysis half-lifedays >500 bioconcentrationlog kow >6 bioconcentration factor (BCF)kg/l >1000 Atmospheric hazard greenhouse gasY/N N Y ozone depletorODP units acid rain formationY/N N Y NESHAPY/N N Y

Disposal hazard landfillL/M/HLL/MMM/HH EPCRA reportable quantitylbs incinerationL/M/HLL/MMM/HH recyclingL/M/HLL/MMM/HH Chemical hazard vapor pressuremm Hg >100 solubility in watermg/L specific gravityN/A flammability0,1,2,3, flash point°C <10 reactivity0,1,2,3, pHpH units , , , , corrosivityL/M/HLL/MMM/HH High pressure systemL/M/HLL/MMM/HH High temperature systemL/M/HLL/MMM/HH mixture/reaction potentialL/M/HLL/MMM/HH odor thresholdL/M/HLL/MMM/HH volatile organic compoundL/M/HLL/MMM/HH

Energy & resource use non renewable resourceL/M/HLL/MMM/HH water useL/M/HLL/MMM/HH energy useL/M/HLL/MMM/HH Product hazard upstream effectsL/M/HLL/MMM/HH consumer hazardL/M/HLL/MMM/HH disposal hazardL/M/HLL/MMM/HH Exposure potential L/M/HLL/MMM/HH

P2OASys Example Summary Table of Floor Finish Strippers P2OASys Category Pro Stripper Super Stripper EnviroCare Floor Stripper Whistle Jet Cleaner Super Orange Jel Cycle Strip Acute human effects Chronic human effects Physical hazards ND Aquatic hazard 2ND2422 Persistence/ bioaccumulation Atmospheric hazard Disposal hazard ND24222 Chemical hazard Energy/resource use Product hazard Exposure potential Final Weighted Final; 10 worst Ranking; 1 = best ND = no data

Evaluate Economics

Product cost –Current solvent from the paper Found to be the cheapest product Operating cost –Initial biobased alternatives required longer times Some needed to be heated –New project identified products that operated under same conditions as current product Environmental cost –Current solvent’s components linked to significant negative health, safety, and environmental impacts

Cost Comparisons Example Floor Finish Stripping Purchase Cost $ Cost based on Dilution Ratios Show Place FinishTimesaver Finish Product gallon bottles Dilutio n ratio Cost / gallon % Increase over current cost Dilutio n ratio Cost / gallon % Increase over current cost ProStripper381: : Super Stripper451: :4* EnviroCare Floor Stripper107NTNA 1: Whistle Jet Cleaner1301:10NENA1:10NENA Super Orange Jel1151:10NENA1:5NENA Cycle Strip57.311: : NT - not tested; NA - not applicable; NE - not effective *Testing not completed on-site, but assumed to be effective at this dilution based on laboratory testing

Example Summary Floor Finish Stripping Assessment Criteria Pro Stripper reference Super Stripper EnviroCare Floor Stripper Cycle Strip Technical Biobased content0% +++ Dilution Used1:4 --- Time to clean10-15 minutes === OdorStrong +++ Lab PerformanceEffective === Field PerformanceEffective +-- Economic Costs Direct Cost $38 for 4-1 gallon bottles --- Dilution Cost$1.90/gallon =/--- Environmental SSL Safety Screening29/ P2OASys5.00/ Purchasing Preferences AbilityOne Program – JWOD or SDVOB / SVO supplied On JWOD list ---

Process – Phase II Product Identification Lab Testing Field Testing Evaluate EH&S Evaluate Economics Recommendations for Change

Product Identification Hard Surface Cleaning Lab’s website: Internet searches 38 products from 16 vendors –Dilutions used for the products Over 70 cleaning variations

Laboratory Testing Hard Surface Cleaning Identified cleaning products –Diluted to the vendor recommended concentrations for all purpose cleaning –Fiberglass and plastic coupons –All Purpose Soil SSL Soil #3: Hucker’s Soil –Manual cleaning process Gardner Straight Line Washability unit

Effectiveness Levels Hard Surface Cleaning Efficiency RankingObservation Made 100% Coupon prior to Hucker's application 75% Clean 50% Slightly dirty 25% Dirty 0% Very dirty

Results of Laboratory Testing Hard Surface Cleaning 34 combinations had an average cleaning level at or above the 50% mark There were seven products with an average of 67 or greater Products were selected for piloting based on –Average value –Whether or not there were multiple products available from a particular vendor Prior to going on-site, these products were evaluated for odor

Odor Ranking for Products selected for Piloting Hard Surface Cleaning Manufacturer ProductOdor Rank Wex-Pro Neutral Cleaner Concentrate - non-bio10 Wex-Pro Wex-Cide non-bio 12 Bio-Kleen BKP Clean Environment CoSuper Citrus Clean 13 Gemtek ProductsSC Bathroom Cleaner 7 Gemtek ProductsSC Floor and Tile Cleaner 6 Gemtek ProductsSC Multi-Surface Cleaner 3 Gemtek ProductsSC Odor-Ex Cleaning Deodorizer 14 Rochester Midland CorpEnviroCare Low Foam All Purpose 8 Rochester Midland CorpEnviroCare Neutral Disinfectant9 Rochester Midland CorpEnviroCare Tough Job Cleaner2 Rochester Midland CorpEnviroCare Washroom Cleaner5 Spartan Restroom Cleaner1 Spartan Tribase3

Field Testing Floor Finish Stripping Products delivered to the facility –Each product provided in the proper dilution ratio –Used the products over a two to three day period –At the conclusion of the trial period Provid feedback on performance using survey

Field Testing Example Results Hard Surface Cleaning VendorProductPerformance Bio-Kleen BKP 130 Better than current Clean Environment CoSuper Citrus Clean Better than current Rochester Midland CorpEnviroCare Low Foam All Purpose Less than current Rochester Midland CorpEnviroCare Neutral Disinfectant Less than current Rochester Midland CorpEnviroCare Tough Job Cleaner Close to current Rochester Midland CorpEnviroCare Washroom Cleaner Less than current Spartan Restroom Cleaner Close to current Spartan Tribase Less than current

Safety Screening Hard Surface Cleaning Safety Screening Values VOCGWPODPHMIS/NFPApHTotalRank Products HFR 50 max1 best Wex-cide Wexpro Neutral Cleanerlow Bio Kleen 130low Enviro Care Neutral Disinfectant Enviro Care Tough Job Low foam all purpose Washroom cleaner Restroom Cleaner Tribase Natural Super Citrus Cleaner N SC MultiSurface SC Bathroom SC FloorTile Odor Ex Values were not available but stated as being low by vendor: low ~<50 g/l

P2OASys Summary Table Hard Surface Cleaning P2OASys Category Acute human effects Chronic human effects Physical hazards ND 6666 Aquatic hazard 5ND 2 2 Persistence/ bioaccumulation 5ND Atmospheric hazard Disposal hazard ND Chemical hazard Energy/resource use Product hazard Exposure potential Final Weighted Final 10=worst Relative Rank ND = no data Wexcide 128 Wexpro Neutral Cleaner Bio Kleen 130 EC Neutral Disinfectant EC Tough Job 4539 Low foam all purpose Washroom cleaner Restroom Cleaner TribaseSuper Citrus Cleaner N-46 SC Multi Surface SC Bathroom SC Floor TileOdor Ex

Evaluate Economics Hard Surface Cleaning ProductCost Rank $/Gallon% Increase Wexpro Neutral Cleaner Bio Kleen Enviro Care Neutral Disinfectant Enviro Care Tough Job Low foam all purpose Washroom cleaner Restroom Cleaner Tribase Nat Super Citrus Cleaner N SC MultiSurface SC Bathroom SC FloorTile Odor Ex

Overall Summary Hard Surface Cleaning Assessment Criteria Current Products Technical Biobased content0% Dilution Used1:12.8N/A Time to clean5 minutes ============ OdorStrong = Lab PerformanceEffective =-+-==++ +/= +- NT Field PerformanceEffective +-=--=-+=/-- - Economic Costs Direct Cost $20/ga l N/A ++ =/ Environmental SSL Safety Screening 48/50- -=-----+==-- +38/ P2OASys 3.5/ =----=== / Purchasing Preferences AbilityOne Program – JWOD or SDVOB / SVO supplied Available -==== Wexcide 128 Wexpro Neutral Cleaner Bio Kleen 130 EC Neutral Disinfectant EC Tough Job 4539 Low foam all purpose Washroom cleaner Restroom Cleaner Tribase Super Citrus Cleaner N-46 SC Multi Surface SC Bathroom SC Floor Tile Odor Ex

Next Steps TURI’s Plan –Work with facility to implement biobased floor stripping and hard surface cleaning products Facility –Identify next focus area and repeat process

Future Work Several projects that could be conducted to increase the amount of biobased products being purchased –Evaluation of biobased floor finish or other “green” finish can be tested So that lower dilutions of biobased floor strippers could be used effectively thus reducing operating costs further –The expansion of biobased cleaning products beyond the floor finish stripping and hard surface cleaners would be a logical next step Glass cleaning Bathroom cleaning All purpose cleaning activities Cleaning of equipment and transport vehicles during maintenance and repairs