Winter Review

Chapter 54 Behavioral Biology

What is Behavior? The way an animal responds to stimuli in its environment. Proximate Causation vs Ultimate Causation (Nature vs Nurture Debate) Inate Behavior-example egg-rolling response in geese Supernormal Stimuli

Is Smart Genetic? 1940’s Rat Experiment Twin Studies

Specific Genes can be linked to specific behaviors. FosB gene

Learning Altering ones behavior as a result of previous experience Types Nonassociative aka Habituation Associative aka Conditioning Classical Conditioning ( Pavlov’s dogs) Operant Conditioning (Reward/Punishment)

Can we learn anything? Nope Instinct vs Learning What can be learned is biologically influenced. Example- Pigeon can associate food with color but not sounds. Can associate danger with sounds but not with colors.

Parent influence on Cognitin and Behavior Imprinting- social attachments effecting behavior latter in life. Filial imprinting Ducks, monkeys and orphans…Oh MY!!!! Sexual Imprinting Ligers

Instinct and Learning Song Sparrows Raised listening to no song or to the song of another species had undeveloped songs as adults Raised listening to their own species song developed normally.

Do animals think? Yup Chimps- termite eating technique Japanese macaques wash sand off of potatoes

Orientation and Migration Orientation- tracking stimuli in the environment ex to and from watering hole Taxis Migration- large groups traveling long distances Use both orientation and navigation (compass and map)

Animal Communication Species specific- example fireflies, dance language of the honeybee, primate language Long Distance- pheromones Non-species specific- marking territory, persuit deterrent in deer

Behavioral Ecology Adaptive Significance- example seagulls removing broken eggshells Foraging Behavior- optimal diet Territoriality

Reproductive Strategies Determines how many mates , and how much time and energy to devote to rearing offspring Males and females differ in their reproductive strategies- males will mate with anyone! Why? Parental Investment

Sexual Selection Intrasexual Selection-individuals of one sex competing to get some. Sexual Dimorphism- differences between males and females Sperm Compitition Intersexual Selection-Mate Choice

Mating Systems Monogamy-Altricial Polygamy-Precocial Polyandry-extra-pair copulations

Evolution of Social Systems Individuals specialized to do different tasks Honeyees Leaf-cutter ants

Chapter 55 Population Ecology

The Environmental Challenge Animals must meet the challenge of the environment they live in to survive Physiological Responses Morphological Capabilities Behavioral Responses Natural Selection Reinforces the responses to the environment

Populations Groups of Individuals of the same species in one space Random Distribution Uniform Distribution Clumped Distribution

Population Demography and Dynamics Sex Ratio and Generation time affect population growth rates Age at first reproduction correlates with life spane

Altruism The performance of an action that benefits another individual at a cost to the actor Group Selection Kin Selection- 2 brothers or 8 1st cousins Haplodiploidy- bees

Carrying Capacity The maximum number of individuals an environment can support Sigmoidal growth curve http://www.population-growth-migration.info/essays/graph1_big.png

Factors that Regulate Populations Density Dependent Factors- as population size increases either birth rates decrease or death rates increase (Negative Feedback) Allee Effect Density Independent effects Outside factors effect population size ( ex natural disasters)

K vs r selected individuals r - selected usually smaller, have a lot of babies at once K- selected usually larger, have fewer babies at one time

Human Population Growth Human Populations have grown exponentially Human population growth has declined in developed countries but is still increasing in developing countries http://www.uni.edu/gai/India/India_Lesson_Plans/India_Population_Pyramids_files/image002.gif

Chapter 56 Community Ecology

Communities All of the species living in a particular area Can be characterized by either the species present or properties of the community such as species richness and primary productivity

Individualistic vs Holistic Communities Individualistic says that a community us just a bunch of species that happen to be in the same place at the same time Holistic says that communities are a integrated unit Which argument do scientists agree with and why?

Niches The total of all the ways it uses the resources in the environment Fundamental vs Realized Niche example deep and shallow barnicles Competitive exclusion and niche overlap

Predator Prey Relationships A lot of predators = low prey….then low prey= death of predators….then death of predators = high prey…and so on and so on.

Coevolution When predators and prey accumulate adaptations to protect against being preyed upon then overcome these protections. Examples plant develops secondary chemical compounds to poison predators, then certain predators develop immunity and continue to prey on plants

Mimicry Some non-poisoness species “mimic” the coloration of poisoness or harmful ones as a means of discouraging predation. Batesian Mimicry- palatalbe insects resemble distasteful species Mullerian mimicry- unrelated species resemble one another.

Types of Species Interactions Symbiosis Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

Keystone Species Species that have a greater effect on the composition of a community than one may expect Example- Starfish

Succession When communities build at a specific site Primary Succession Secondary Succesion Tolerance, Facilitation, Inhibition

Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Greater diversity of species where there is slight disturbances happening often Why?

Chapter 57 Dynamics of Ecosystems

The Carbon Cycle http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/carboncycle.gif

The Water Cycle http://www.ust.hk/~webpepa/pepa/Protection-Plant/importance/water_cycle.gif

The Nitrogen Cycle  http://www.realtrees4kids.org/images/6-8images/nitrogencycle1.gif

Phosphorus Cycle http://project.bio.iastate.edu/courses/biol123/lectures/Lecture08-Cycles/Images/5-29.JPG

Energy Flow in Ecosystems Law of Conservation of Energy Productivity- the rate at which new organic matter is created Trophic Levels http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Dana/foodchain.jpg

Energy in an Ecosystem http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/er/Resources/Image1056.gif

Trophic Level Interactions Top Down Effects When changing something at the top of a trophic level effects the lower levels- taking away carnivore Bottom Up effects When changes in primary producers effect higher trophic levels-increasing or decreasing primary productivity

Chapter 58 The Biosphere

Biomes Tropical Rain Forest Savanna Desert Temperate Grasslands Temperate Decidous Forrest Temperate Evergreen Forest Taiga Tundra

Tropical Rain Forest High Temperatures year round Richest ecosystems on land High biodiversity

Savanna Warm Temperatures year-round Seasonal Rain

Desert Warm and cool temperatures Very little rainfall

Temperature Grasslands Warm summers and cool winters Very fertile soil

Temperature Decidous Forrest Warm summers and cool winters Plentiful rain Found in Northwest US Many Trees that lose leaves in the winter

Temperature evergreen Forest Temperate climates Occur along Coastlines Dominated by pines and spruces (evergreen)

Taiga Cold Temperatures Very long cold winters Limited Precipitation Spruce Trees

Tundra VERY cold Ground is frozen most the the year “permafrost” Very few trees

Freshwater habitats Life depends on Oxygen availability Oligotrophic- high oxygen and low nutrient Eytrophic- low oxygen and high nutrient

Human Impacts on the Bioshphere Point Source vs Diffuse Pollution DDT Ozone depletion Global warming

Chapter 59 Conservation Biology

Save the earth!