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Ecology AP Biology.

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Presentation on theme: "Ecology AP Biology."— Presentation transcript:

1 Ecology AP Biology

2 Ecology Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment

3 Levels of Study Organism Individual 1 turtle

4 Levels of Study Population
Individuals of the same species living in the same area All the turtles of the same species

5 Levels of Study Community All the organisms living in an area
All the turtles, plants, insects, algae, bacteria

6 Levels of Study Ecosystem
All the organisms and all the abiotic factors All the organisms & the soil, water, gases, minerals

7 Levels of Study Biosphere
All the organisms & all the abiotic factors on Earth Earth

8 Complete Question 1 Biosphere Community Ecosystem Organism Population

9 Abiotic Factors Nonliving Temperature Climate Soil type Rainfall Gases
Minerals

10 Biotic Factors Living Predators Parasites Herbivores Carnivores
Decomposers

11 Complete Question 2 A = abiotic B = biotic

12 Biomes Tropical rainforest Tall trees High temperature Heavy rainfall

13 Biomes Savannas Tropical Grasslands Scattered trees High temperature
Less rainfall than tropical rain forest

14 Biomes Temperate grasslands Grasses Seasonal droughts Occasional fires
Lower temperature & less rainfall than savannas

15 Biomes Deciduous forests Deciduous trees Oak, maple Warm summers
Cold winters Moderate rainfall

16 Biomes Taiga Coniferous forests Pines & firs Cold winters
Heavy snowfall

17 Biomes Tundra Grasses & sedges Very cold winters Permafrost High winds
Little rain

18 Answer Qs 3, 4 and 5

19 Population Ecology Refer to written notes as you go through the slides

20 Population Definition: Group of individuals: Of same species
Living in same area Using the same resources Responding to same stimuli

21 Population Characteristics
Density Number of individuals per unit area or volume

22 Population Characteristics
Dispersal Patterns Spacing between individuals Clumped Uniform Random

23 Population Characteristics
Dispersal Patterns Clumped

24 Population Characteristics
Dispersal Patterns Uniform

25 Population Characteristics
Dispersal Patterns Random (ferns)

26 Population Characteristics
Demographics Study of vital statistics Age structure Groupings by age Graphed Sex ratio % of females compared to males

27 Analyze the following graphs
Determine what is causing the various demographic trends in each country

28 Population Characteristics

29 Survivorship Curves Graph of # of survivors vs. relative age

30 Survivorship Curves Type I Most survive to middle age Humans

31 Survivorship Curves Type II Likelihood of death same at any age
Squirrel

32 Survivorship Curves Type III Most die young Oyster

33 Limiting Factors – add to notes at bottom of page 2
Prevent population from reaching biotic potential Types Density dependent Density independent

34 Limiting Factors Density dependent
Effect becomes more intense with increased density Examples Parasites & diseases Competition for resources Toxic effect of waste products Predation

35 Limiting Factors Density independent Occur independently of density
Examples: Natural disasters Climate extremes

36 Population Growth Models
Exponential Growth Change in # of individuals (N) over time (t) is equal to the growth rate (r) times the number of individuals (N)

37 Population Growth Models
Exponential Growth J-shaped curve

38 Population Growth Models
Logistic Growth When limiting factors restrict size of population to carrying capacity Carrying capacity (K) = max. # of individuals of a population that can be sustained by the habitat

39 Population Growth Models
Logistic Growth Sigmoid (S) shaped curve

40 Add the following 2 slides to notes then complete population ecology questions

41 Life-History Strategies
r-selected species Exhibit rapid growth (J-curve) Examples – grasses, insects Characterized by opportunistic species Quickly invade habitat Quickly reproduce Then die Produce many offspring that are small, mature quickly, require little parental care

42 Life-History Strategies
k-selected species Population size remains relatively constant Example - humans Produce small number of relatively large offspring that require extensive parental care Reproduction occurs repeatedly during lifetime

43 Do the population questions!

44 Community Ecology Defintion
An assemblage of populations interacting with one another within the same environment Use the following slides as reference for question 2

45 Community Interactions
Interspecific Competition Competition between different species When 2 species compete for same resources one will be more successful To survive, the less successful species Must use slightly different resources Must use resources during different time of day

46 Community Interactions
Predation Any animal that totally or partly consumes a plant or animal True predator kills and eats another animal Parasite lives in and off a host Herbivore is an animal that eats plants

47 Community Interactions
Symbiosis Two species that live together in close contact Types Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

48 Community Interactions
Mutualism Both species benefit from relationship Examples Bacteria in root nodules Lichens – algae & fungus living together

49 Community Interactions
Commensalism One species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped Examples Birds building nests in trees Egrets that eat insects around cattle

50 Community Interactions
Parasitism One species benefits while the other is harmed Examples Tapeworm inside animal Ticks on dog

51 Ecological Succession
Def- species replacements in a community following a disturbance Primary – occurs in areas where there is no soil formation (volcanic eruption, glacial retreat) Secondary – area where soil is present (after a fire, farmland)

52 Detroit

53 Climax Community F.E. Clements – succession in a particular area will always yield the same type of community – this community is called the Climax Community

54 Pioneer species – the first species to begin secondary succession (plants)

55 Complete questions 3,4 and 5
Gift- here are the answers for 6 1-6 are C 7-8 are D 9 is E 10-11 D 12 E 13 B 14 E 15-18 are B

56 Complete questions 7,8 Gift: Answers for Q 9 B F A D E

57 Ecosystems Use the summary notes and the following slides to complete the questions on ecosystems

58 Ecosystems – Trophic Levels
Primary producers Plants Photosynthetic bacteria Algae

59 Ecosystems – Trophic Levels
Primary consumers Herbivores Eat producers

60 Ecosystems – Trophic Levels
Secondary consumers Carnivores Eat primary consumers (herbivores)

61 Ecosystems – Trophic Levels
Tertiary consumers Secondary carnivores Eat secondary consumers

62 Ecosystems – Pyramids Pyramid of numbers Most = producers
Least = top level consumers

63 Ecosystems – Pyramids Pyramid of energy Most = producers
Least = top level consumers

64 Ecosystems – Pyramids 10% rule
Only 10% of energy available at each trophic level is converted into new biomass at the next level

65 Ecosystems – Food Chain

66 Ecosystems – Food Web

67 Nitrogen Cycle

68 Water Cycle

69 Carbon Cycle

70 Human Impact Greenhouse effect Ozone depletion Acid rain Deforestation
Pollution Species extinction

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