Psychology is commonly defined as: The study of behavior The study of the mind The study of behavior and mental processes The study of early childhood c. The study of behavior and mental processes

Which of the following are the goals of psychology? Describe, manipulate, control and examine behavior Describe, explain, predict and change behavior Predict, control, examine and change behavior Manipulate, control, explain and change behavior b. Describe, explain, predict and change behavior

Psychology often questions to what extent we are controlled by biological and genetic factors or by the environment and learning. This ongoing debate is known as the _____. Nature vs. Nurture controversy Mind vs. Body Dualism Interactionist position Biopsychosocial Model A. Nature-Nurture Controversy

Applied research is conducted to study __________. How people apply knowledge in an educational setting Theoretical questions that may or may not have real-world applications The goals of psychology A specific real-world problem D. A specific real-world problem

The experimental group, in an experiment, is the group in which the participants _____. Do not receive the independent variable Receive the dependent variable Do not receive the DV Receive the IV D. Receive the IV

The total of all possible cases from which a sample is selected is called the __________. subject pool population selection group control group B) population

The first step in the scientific method is _____. Forming a testable hypothesis Developing a theory Reviewing the literature of existing theories Designing a study C. Reviewing the literature of existing theories

The ______ variable is the variable that is measured. Independent Intervening Controlled Dependent D) Dependent

The tendency of experimenters to influence the results of their experiment in an expected direction is called ____. Experimenter bias Control bias Observational bias Experimental bias A) Experimenter bias

A hypothesis is derived from a ______. idea research paper brainstorming theory D) theory

A procedure to ensure that each individual has the same probability as any other of being in a given group is called _____. Random selection Random assignment Representative selection Representative assignment B. Random assignment

Cells within your body specialized for conducting information are called ____? Dendrites Neurons Axons Nucleotides b. Neurons

The three major parts of a neuron are ____. Glia, dendrites, and myelin Myelin, dendrites, and axon Dendrites, axon and cell body Axon, glia, and myelin c. Dendrites, axon and cell body

The ____ consists of all the nerves that connect to sensory receptors and control skeletal muscles Parasympathetic nervous system Spinal cord Somatic nervous system Action potential c. Somatic nervous system

___ provide structural, nutritional, and other support for the neuron, as well as some communication functions Dendrites Axons Nurturing bodies Glial cells d. Glial cells

Chemical messengers that are secreted into the synapse are called ____. Ions Neurotransmitters Neurocommunicators Neuromodulators b. Neurotransmitters

The synapse is the point where ____. The soma attaches to the dendrite Neurotransmitters are manufactured Information transfers from neuron to neuron The action potential begins c. Information transfers from neuron to neuron

If you are accidentally hit on the head and you see flashes of light, most likely the blow activated cells in the ____. Frontal lobes Temporal lobes Occipital lobes Parietal lobes c. Occipital lobes

The frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes make up the ____ Brain Cerebral cortex Subcortex Brain stem b. Cerebral cortex

The major divisions of the central nervous system are ___. Sympathetic and parasympathetic Somatic and autonomic Gray matter and white matter Brain and spinal cord d. Brain and spinal cord

The parasympathetic nervous system is dominant when a person is ___. Stressed Relaxed Frightened Angry b. Relaxed

The parasympathetic and sympathetic are the major divisions of the ____ nervous system Automatic Somatic Central Autonomic d. Autonomic

The principle whereby an axon either fires or does not fire an action potential is called the _____ Sodium-potassium Axon terminal Shotgun All-or-none law d. All-or-none law

Damage to the medulla can lead to loss of ____. Vision Respiration Hearing Smell b. Respiration

The cerebellum, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus are all ____. Lower-level brain structures Cortical areas Brain stem areas Spinal cord areas a. Lower-level brain structures

Split-brain research has indicated that, in most people, the left hemisphere is largely responsible for _____ abilities Musical Spatial Artistic Language d. Language

Neurons are the basic units in the _____. Nervous system Synapses Dendrites Body a. Nervous system

The _____ of light determines its hue, and the _____ determines its brightness. Wavelength; amplitude Pitch; wavelength Timbre; amplitude Wavelength; frequency a. wavelength; amplitude

The process of receiving, transducing, and transmitting information from the outside world is called _____. Perception Detection Sensation integration c. Sensation

The receptors in the eye responsible for daylight and color vision are the _____ Rods Cones Cilia Cornea b. Cones

The receptors in the eye responsible for dim light vision are the _____. Rods Cones Cilia Cornea a. Rods

The frequency of a sound wave is sensed as the _____ of a sound. Pitch Intensity Loudness Height a. Pitch

Which of the following is the most fundamental Gestalt principles of organization? Roundness Isolation Symmetry Figure and ground d. Figure and ground

Monocular and binocular are two categories of _____. Depth perception Size adaptations Perceptual constancies Visual corrections a. Depth perception

The _____ theory of color vision states that there are three systems of color opposites (blue-yellow, red-green and black-white) Trichromatic Opponent-process Tri-receptor Lock-and-key b. Opponent-process

A readiness to perceive in a particular manner, based on expectations, is known as _____. Trichromatic Theory Stereotype threat Perceptual set All of the above c. Perceptual set

The conversion of stimulus energy into neural impulses is called _____. Coding Transduction Tranference Reception b. transduction

Light travels through the cornea on to the _____. Pupil, lens, and retina Lens, pupil, and retina Vitreous humor, aqueous humor, and retina Retina on the back of the lens a. pupil, lens, and retina

_____ is the process that occurs when your visual system shifts from cones to rods upon entering a dark room Light adaptation Sensory adaptation Dark adaptation Accommodation c. Dark adaptation

_____ results from stimulation of receptor cells in the nose. Audition Pheromones Olfaction Vestibular sense c. olfaction

_____ are false impressions of the environment. Hallucinations Delusions Illusions Visual constancies c. illusions

_____ are sensory perceptions that occur without external stimuli. Hallucinations Delusions Illusions Visual constancies a. hallucinations

Specialized cells in the brain that respond only to certain sensory information are known as _____. Visual constancies Retinal disparity Convergence Feature detectors d. Feature detectors

When you look at a chair from the back or front, it looks like a rectangle. However, when you see it from the side, it has an “h” shape, but you still recognize it as a chair because of _____. Sensory adaptation Shape constancy Size constancy Sensory habituation b. Shape constancy

_____ is an organism’s awareness of its own self and surroundings. Consciousness Alertness Central processing b. consciousness

_____ processes are mental activities that require minimal attention, without affecting other activities. Controlled Peripheral Conscious Automatic d. Automatic

Biological rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle are called _____. Circadian rhythms Synchronisms Diurnal circuits Noctural transmissions a. Circadian rhythms

The _____ theory says that sleep allows us to replenish what was depleted during daytime activities. Repair/restoration Evolutionary/circadian Supply/demand Conservation of energy a. repair/restoration

Insomnia occurs when you persistently _____. Have difficulty staying awake Go to sleep too early Awake too early All of the above c. Awake too early

_____ is a disease marked by sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours. Dyssomnia Parasomnia Narcolepsy Sleep apnea c. Narcolepsy

A chemical that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter is called a/an _____. Synaptic inhibitor Antagonist Alternator Receptor-blocker b. Antagonist

A mental desire or craving to achieve the effects produced by a drug is known as _____. Withdrawal effects Dependency Psychological dependence Physical dependence c. Psychological dependence

Requiring larger and more frequent doses of a drug to produce a desired effect is characteristic of _____. Withdrawal Tolerance Psychoactive dependence All of the above b. Tolerance

Which of the following drugs is a central nervous system stimulant? Amphetamine Alcohol Heroin Barbiturates a. amphetamine

Which of the following is NOT classified as a hallucinogen? Mescaline Psilocybin Amphetamines LSD c. Amphetamines

_____ drugs produce sensory distortions or perceptual illusions. Stimulants Opiates Depressants Hallucinogens d. Hallucinogens

EEG is the abbreviation for _____, which is used to record brain waves. Electrical emissions graph Electroencephalograph Electro-energy grams Even elephants get grumpy b. Electroencephalograph

Your breathing is regular, your heart rate and blood pressure are slowing, and you can be awakened easily. It is most likely that you are in _____. A hypnogogic transition between wakefulness and sleep A daydreaming state Stage 1 sleep Stage 2 sleep c. Stage 1 sleep

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of practice or experience is the definition of ___. Learning Conditioning Behavior modification Modeling a. Learning

When your mouth waters at the sight of a chocolate cake, it is an example of ____. Operant conditioning Social learning Vicarious conditioning Classical conditioning d. Classical conditioning

Suppose a boy learns to fear bees by being stung when he touches a bee Suppose a boy learns to fear bees by being stung when he touches a bee. In this situation the unconditioned STIMULUS is the ____. Bee Sting Fear Crying b. Sting

Suppose a boy learns to fear bees by being stung when he touches a bee Suppose a boy learns to fear bees by being stung when he touches a bee. In this situation the unconditioned RESPONSE is the ____. Bee Sting Fear Crying c. Fear

Which of the following is the proper sequence of events in classical conditioning? UCS-CS-UCR CS-UCS-UCR UCR-UCS-CS UCR-CS-UCS b. CS-UCS-UCR

Higher order conditioning occurs when an____. Previously neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response Neutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus Neutral stimulus is paired with unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response is paired with a conditioned stimulus b. Neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the ____. Conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned response Conditioned response is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned stimulus is ambiguous b. Conditioned response is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Anything that causes an increase in a response is a ___. Conditioned stimulus Reinforcement Punishment Unconditioned stimulus b. Reinforcement

Anything that causes a decrease in a response is a/an ____. Conditioned stimulus Reinforcement Punishment Unconditioned stimulus c. Punishment

Negative reinforcement and punishment are ____. The same The best ways to learn a new behavior Not the same because negative reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behavior Not the same, even though they both decrease behavior c. Not the same because negative reinforcement increases behavior and punishment decreases behavior

Superstitious behavior occurs because ___. It has been reinforced on a fixed ratio schedule The person or animal thinks the behavor causes a reinforcer when in reality the behavior and the reinforcement are not connected It is reinforced on a random ration schedule The behavior and the reinforcement come close in proximity to one another, causing the superstitious behavior to increase in magnitude b. The person or animal thinks the behavior causes a reinforcer when in reality the behavior and the reinforcement are not connected

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiments with dogs, salivation was the ____. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Unconditioned reponse (UCR) Both b and c c. Unconditioned reponse (UCR)

Albert Bandura’s social learning theory emphasized ____. Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Extinction Modeling d. Modeling

In Watson and Rayners experiment, what was the conditioned emotional response (CER)? Avoidance behavior Superstitious behavior Fear None of the above c. Fear

In Watson and Rayner’s experiment, what was the conditioned stimulus? The sight if the experimental room A loud noise A rabbit A rat d. A rat

Spontaneous recovery occurs when ___ suddenly appears Your lost wallet A previously extinguished response An extinct instinct A forgotten stimulus- response sequence b. A previously extinguished response

Children may learn to salivate to McDonalds golden arches as a result of Advertising Classical conditioning Higher-order conditioning All of the above d. All of the above

Operant conditioning is an example of ___ in action Thorndikes law of effect Skinners law of reinforcement Watsons rule of punishment Pavlovs theory of stimulus-response a. Thorndikes law of effect

____ are unlearned, usually satisfy a biological need, and increase the probability of a response Primary instincts Secondary instincts Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers c. Primary reinforcers

Observational learning theory suggests that we learn many behaviors by ____. Imitating others Observing our inner processes Teaching others Shaping our own and others behaviors a. Imitating others

In Albert Bandura’s classic bobo doll study, children acted aggressively because ____. They were rewarded for their behavior Of observational learning They were positively punished All of these options b. Of observational learning

Maintenance rehearsal _______ Prevents motivated forgetting Prevents chunking Reenters information in sensory memory Reenters information in STM c. Reenters information in sensory memory

Which of the following is a recognition test of memory? Remembering a name that goes with a face A multiple choice test An essay test Reciting the names of the state capitals b. A multiple choice test

You notice that you tend to do better on exam questions from the first and last of each chapter. The most likely explanation is the ____. Anterograde amnesia effect Problem of distribute practice Serial position effect Sleeper effect c. Serial position effect

Short-term memory receives information from sensory memory and from ____. Long term memory Working memory The perceptual processing network Maintenance rehearsal a. Long term memory

The process that allows us to store more information in short-term memory by grouping information into units is called ____. Maintenance Collective organization Chunking Proximal closure c. Chunking

To increase the duration and capacity of you STM you should try ____. Maintenance rehearsal Chunking Constructive process All of the above b. Chunking

The ____ effect suggests that people will recall information presented at the beginning and the end of a list better than information from the middle of the list. Recency Serial position Latency Primacy b. Serial position

This type of anxiety is associated with a generalized anxiety disorder Phobia Free-floating Panic attack Nervous breakdown b. Free-floating

Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors such as handwashing, counting, or putting things in order that are associated with an anxiety state are called ____. Obsessions Compulsions Ruminations Phobias b. Compulsions

A major difference between major depressive and bipolar disorder is that only in bipolar disorders do people have ____. Hallucinations or delusions Depression A biochemical imbalance Manic episodes d. Manic episodes

This is NOT a possible explanation for depression Imbalances of serotonin and norepinephrine Genetic predisposition Lithium deficiency Learned helplessness c. Lithium deficiency

Hallucinations and delusions are symptoms of ____. Mood disorders Personality disorders Anxiety disorders Schizophrenia d. Schizophrenia

Family studies have shown that when it comes to schizophrenia, children are more similar to their ____. Biological parents than their adopted parents Adopted parents than their biological parents Friends than their families Aunts/uncles than their brothers/sisters a. Biological parents than their adoptive parents

Antipsychotic drugs can decrease the symptoms of schizophrenia by decreasing the activity of ____. Dopamine synapses Serotonin synapses The frontal lobes The autonomic nervous system a. Dopamine synapses

Amnesia, fugue, and dissociative identity disorder share this characteristic. A separation of experience and memory Psychosis A split personality Wandering away from home or work a. A separation of experience and memory

Multiple personality disorder is now called ____. Schizophrenia Dissociative identity disorder Amnesiatic personality disorder None of these options; this diagnosis is no longer considered real b. Dissociative identity disorder

Impulsive behavior, egocentrism, lack of conscience, and ____ are all characteristic of an antisocial personality disorder. Manipulation of others Lack of social skills Sympathy for victims Lack of intelligence a. Manipulation of others

Impulsivity and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image are part of the ____ personality disorder. Manic depressive Bipolar Borderline None of the above c. Borderline

People with ____ frequently have a childhood history of neglect and abuse, and as adults tend to see themselves and everyone else in absolutes. Dissociative identity disorder Schizophrenia Generalized anxiety disorder Borderline personality disorder d. Borderline Personality disorder

In ____ disorder, the individual suffers brief attacks of intense apprehension. Phobic Posttraumatic stress Panic Dissociative fugue c. Panic

According to ____ theory, modeling and imitation may be the causes of some phobia. Social learning Psychobiological Sociocultural Cognitive-behavioral a. Social Learning

Distorted thinking that magnifies ordinary threats or failures is the ____ explanation for anxiety disorders. Social learning Cognitive Humanistic Psychoanalytic b. Cognitive

Mood disorders are sometimes treated by ____ drug, which affect the amount or functioning of norepinephrine and serotonin. Antidepressants Antipsychotics Mood congruence None of the above a. Antidepressants

Internal, stable, and global attributions for failure or unpleasant circumstances are associated with ____. Anxiety disorders Delusional disorders Depression All of these options c. Depression

Auditory hallucinations are most common in ____. Schizophrenia Posttraumatic stress disorder Bipolar disorder Dissociative identity disorder a. Schizophrenia

Believing you are the queen of England or Jesus Christ would be a symptom called ____. Hallucinations Mania Delusions All of these options c. Delusions

Delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech are ____ symptoms of schizophrenia. Negative Positive Deficit Undifferentiated b. Positive

The frontal and temporal lobes appear to be less active in some people with ____. Dissociative identity disorder Personality disorder Schizophrenia All of these options c. Schizophrenia

The prognosis for some people with schizophrenia is better in ____. Nonindustrialized societies Families with expressed emotionality Stressful situations None of these options a. Nonindustrialized societies

____ therapies act directly on the brain and nervous system; whereas ____ is a collection of techniques to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life. Drug; psychoanalysis Medical; psychology Biomedical; psychotherapy None of the above c. Biomedical; psychotherapy

____ create feelings of tranqulity and relaxation, while also relieving muscle tension. ECT treatments Anxiety drugs Trephining All of the above b. Anxiety drugs

How do antipsychotic drugs, like thorazine work? They sedate the patient They appear to decrease activity at the dopamine synapses They lower the sympathetic activity of the brain All of the above b. They appear to decrease activity at the dopamine synapses

ECT is now used primarily in the treatment of ____. Depression Anxiety Phobias Schizophrenia a. Depression

The original form of psychosurgery developed by Egaz Moniz disconnected the ____ lobes from the midbrain structures where emotional experiences are relayed. Occipital Parietal Temporal Frontal d. Frontal

Tardive dyskinesia is thought to be a side effect of treatment with ____ medication Mood-altering Psychoactive Antianxiety Antipsychotic d. Antipsychotic

Catharsis is the ____. Reporting of psychic contents without censorship Release of tensions and anxieties Attachment process that occurs between patient and therapist Therapist’s educated explanations for a patient’s behavior b. Release of tensions and anxieties

In psychoanalytic dream interpretation, the actual events of the dream are known as the ____ content Manifest Latent Subconscious Transference a. Manifest

Free association and dream interpretation are psychoanalytic therapy techniques that are used to ____. Analyze intrapsychic conflicts Keep unconscious conflicts out of awareness Restructure the self-concept Counter condition behavior a. Analyze intrapsychic conflicts

In ____, mistaken beliefs or misconceptions are actively disputed Client-centered therapy Psychoanalysis Rational-emotive therapy Systematic desensitization c. Rational-emotive therapy

According to rational-emotive therapy, consequence such as depression or anxiety occurs as a result of a (n) ____. Activating experience Stimulus event Conditioning experience Belief d. Belief

A client-centered therapist emphasizes the importance of empathy, unconditional positive regard, genuineness and ____. Catharsis Self-efficacy Appropriate role models Active listening d. Active listening

Sharing another persons inner experience is known as ____. Unconditional positive regard Genuineness Empathy Sympathy c. Empathy

____ pairs relaxation with a graduating hierarchy of anxiety-producing situations to extinguish the anxiety. Classical conditioning Shaping Systematic desensitization Maslow’s pyramid training c. Systematic desensitization

Aversion therapy applies the principle of ____ by pairing an unpleasant stimulus with a maladaptive behavior to extinguish the behavior Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Positive punishment Negative punishment a. Classical conditioning

Therapists might use ____ to teach clients to stand up for themselves. Time out Aversion therapy Assertiveness training Token economics c. Assertiveness training

Asking clients with snake phobias to watch other (nonphobic) people handle snakes is an example ____ therapy Time out Aversion Modeling Unethical c. Modeling

Which of the following may actually alter brain functioning? Electroconvulsive therapy Drug therapy Psychotherapy All of these options d. All of these options

Disturbed behaviors are most likely to be the focus in ____. Cognitive therapy Biomedical therapy Psychoanalysis Behavior therapy d. Behavior therapy

When a therapist combines techniques from various therapies, it is called ____. Psychosynthetic therapy Biomedical therapy Managed care The eclectic approach d. The eclectic approach

To treat schizophrenia, therapists most commonly use ____ drugs. Antidepressant Antipsychotic Antianxiety None of the above b. Antipsychotic

Someone with severe, vegetative depression and suicidal ideation that has not been successfully managed with other treatment methods might require ____. Frontal lobotomy ECT Combination drug and modeling therapy None of these options b. ECT

Transference is the process of ____. Changing therapists Changing therapeutic techniques or strategies Displacing associations from past relationships onto new relationships Replacing maladaptive patterns with adaptive ones c. Displacing associations from past relationships onto new relationships

Someone with severe, vegetative depression and suicidal ideation that has not been successfully managed with other treatment methods might require ____. Frontal lobotomy ECT Combination drug and modeling therapy None of these options b. ECT

Cognitive therapy is effective for treating ____. Depression Anxiety Eating and substance-related disorders All of these options d. All of these options

The client is responsible for discovering his or her own maladaptive patterns in____ therapy. Biomedical Psychoanalytic Humanistic All of these options c. Humanistic

Reflecting back or paraphrasing what the client is saying is part of ____. Gestalt directness Psychoanalytic transference Cognitive restructuring Active listening d. Active listening

Relaxation training is an important component in ____. Systematic desensitization Aversion conditioning Time out training A token economy a. Systematic desensitization