World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 20 Eurasia, 1500-1800

Objectives Understand the roles of the Jesuits and the East India Companies in the development of cultural exchange and trade between Europe and Eastern Eurasia. Be able to use the concept of “land-based empires” to analyze the territorial expansion, the economic and political structures, and the foreign relations of the Russian and Qing empires. Be able to describe the causes and symptoms of the decline of the Qing state in the eighteenth century. Be able to describe the Tokugawa political system and explain why and how the decentralized political structure contributed simultaneously to economic growth and the weakening of the Tokugawa state.

Eastern Eurasia, 1500-1800 Land–Based Empires Eurasian Patterns no central rule weakening of overland trade advent of seaborne trade Land–Based Empires Ottoman, Mughal, Russian, Ming emphasis on agriculture forced labor, serfdom political centralization disadvantage to sea-based European Influence Society of Jesus (Jesuits) missionaries Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) European technology

The Russian Empire Muscovite Princes Russian Culture Moscow Ivan IV – 1547 tsar removal of Golden Horde “Time of Troubles” Sweden, Poland, Ottomans replacement of Princes Mikhail Romanov boyar consolidation and competition Russian Culture Slavic (Russian) and Turkic Cossacks Turkic word – ‘warrior’ Turks, E. Europeans, Mongols defended western frontier

The Russian Empire Peter the Great – 1689-1725 Eastern Push Black Sea port, Christianity ‘Great Northern War’ – 1700-21 Baltic Sea access European recognition St. Petersburg – 1712 “window on the West” strengthen state / autocracy Political autocracy boyars, church, peasants serfdom Eastern Push less threat in west Mongolia / Siberia / Pacific fur trade natural resources timber, precious metals

Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800 Late Ming - 1500-1644 Strengths silk, furniture, porcelain Portuguese and Dutch tributary status vast population (100M) Weaknesses climate change famine and disease external pressure Mongolia Manchus Japan in Korea - 1582 ‘silver’ inflation uprisings 1644 rebellion

Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800 Qing Empire - 1644-1783 Manchus minority rule Taiwan, C. Asia (Tibet) Kangxi - 1662-1722 Russian struggles Treaty of Nerchinsk - 1689 Amur River border Mongolia - 1691 Jesuit influence - 1600s Confucian ancestor worship two-way influence variolation Qianlong - 1736-1796

Amur River

Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800 European Thirst Chinese Trade Luxury items tea, silk, porcelain, wallpaper political philosophy benevolent despots limitless profit potential EIC Chinese Trade imperial control taxation; limit piracy kowtow (VOC) “the Canton system” Portugal, Holland, England Macartney mission - 1793 open trade with G. Britain negative European reaction

Ming and Qing Empires, 1500-1800 Qing Stresses rising population 400M by 1700 stagnant agriculture deforestation erosion Grand Canal localized misery migration failure to adapt to changes local elites corruption shrinking revenues land-based empires maintenance costs

Tokugawa Japan to 1800 Shogunates - 1200-1500 little centralized rule Tokugawa Shogunate - 1600 relative peace land grants for support daimyo rice samurai emperor as figurehead Edo to Kyoto traffic urban centers for trade Shogun responses economic well being merchants control prices

Outer Lords (Daimyos)

Tokugawa Japan to 1800 Merchant Class Isolation rise in wealth alliances with daimyo key to industrial transformation Isolation Jesuits mixed response few converts (farmers) peasant revolts Christian blame closing of country - 1649 prevent outside influences “Dutch studies” Effect ignored by some daimyos ‘outer’ lords

Tokugawa Japan to 1800 Instability Shogunate Power ‘outer’ lord sea trade population growth increasing rice prices samurai economic decline debt to merchants Shogunate Power rested on daimyo / samurai health traditional land-based response Confucian ideals decentralized government little economic control Military to Civil Society “Forty-seven Ronin” - 1702