MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Introduction Dr. drh. C. A. Nidom, MS.

Genetic Variation CCCCATCCCCACCCCCGTGGGAACACTGGGAGCCTGCACTCCACAGACCCTCTCCTT CCTCTTCCCTCACCTCAGCCTCCGCTCCCCGCCCTCTTCCCGGCCCAGGGCGCCG GCCCACCCTTCCCTCCGCCGCCCCCCGGCCGCGGGGAGGACATGGCCGCGCACAG GCCGGTGGAATGGGTCCAGGCCGTGGTCAGCCGCTTCGACGAGCAGCTTCCAATAA AAACAGGACAGCAGAACACACATACCAAAGTCAGTACTGAGCACAACAAGGAATGTC TAATCAATATTTCCAAATACAAGTTTTCTTTGGTTATAAGCGGCCTCACTACTATTTTAA AGAATGTTAACAATATGAGAATATTTGGAGAAGCTGCTGAAAAAAATTTATATCTCTCT CAGTTGATTATATTGGATACACTGGAAAAATGTCTTGCTGGGCAACCAAAGGACACAA TGAGATTAGATGAAACGATGCTGGTCAAACAGTTGCTGCCAGAAATCTGCCATTTTCT TCACACCTGTCGTGAAGGAAACCAGCATGCAGCTGAACTTCGGAATTCTGCCTCTGG GGTTTTATTTTCTCTCAGCTGCAACAACTTCAATGCAGTCTTTAGTCGCATTTCTACCA GGTTACAGGAATTAACTGTTTGTTCAGAAGACAATGTTGATGTTCATGATATAGAATTG TTACAGTATATCAATGTGGATTGTGCAAAATTAAAACGACTCCTGAAGGAAACAGCAT TTAAATTTAAAGCCCTAAAGAAGGTTGCGCAGTTAGCAGTTATAAATAGCCTGGAAAA GGCATTTTGGAACTGGGTAGAAAATTATCCAGATGAATTTACAAAACTGTACCAGATC CCACAGACTGATATGGCTGAATGTGCAGAAAAGCTATTTGACTTGGTGGATGGTTTTG CTGAAAGCACCAAACGTAAAGCAGCAGTTTGGCCACTACAAATCATTCTCCTTATCTT GTGTCCAGAAATAATCCAGGATATATCCAAAGACGTGGTTGATGAAAACAACATGAAT AAGAAGTTATTTCTGGACAGTCTACGAAAAGCTCTTGCTGGCCATGGAGGAAGTAGG CAGCTGACAGAAAGTGCTGCAATTGCCTGTGTCAAACTGTGTAAAGCAAGTACTTACA TCAATTGGGAAGATAACTCTGTCATTTTCCTACTTGTTCAGTCCATGGTGGTTGATCTT AAGAACCTGCTTTTTAATCCAAGTAAGCCATTCTCAAGAGGCAGTCAGCCTGCAGATG TGGATCTAATGATTGACTGCCTTGTTTCTTGCTTTCGTATAAGCCCTCACAACAACCAA CACTTTAAGATCTGCCTGGCTCAGAATTCACCTTCTACATTTCACTATGTGCTGGTAAA TTCACTCCATCGAATCATCACCAATTCCGCATTGGATTGGTGGCCTAAGATTGATGCT GTGTATTGTCACTCGGTTGAACTTCGAAATATGTTTGGTGAAACACTTCATAAAGCAG TGCAAGGTTGTGGAGCACACCCAGCAATACGAATGGCACCGAGTCTTACATTTAAAG AAAAAGTAACAAGCCTTAAATTTAAAGAAAAACCTACAGACCTGGAGACAAGAAGCTA TAAGTATCTTCTCTTGTCCATGGTGAAACTAATTCATGCAGATCCAAAGCTCTTGCTTT GTAATCCAAGAAAACAGGGGCCCGAAACCCAAGGCAGTACAGCAGAATTAATTACAG GGCTCGTCCAACTGGTCCCTCAGTCACACATGCCAGAGATTGCTCAGGAAGCAATGG AGGCTCTGCTGGTTCTTCATCAGTTAGATAGCATTGATTTGTGGAATCCTGATGCTCC TGTAGAAACATTTTGGGAGATTAGCTCACAAATGCTTTTTTACATCTGCAAGAAATTAA CTAGTCATCAAATGCTTAGTAGCACAGAAATTCTCAAGTGGTTGCGGGAAATATTGAT CTGCAGGAATAAATTTCTTCTTAAAAATAAGCAGGCAGATAGAAGTTCCTGTCACTTTCCC CCAGCCTCCTTGCCAACGCCCCCTTTCCCTCTCCCCCTCCCGCTCGGCGCTGACC CCCCATCCCCACCCCCGTGGGAACACTGGGAGCCTGCACTCCACAGACCCTCTCCTT GCCTCTTCCCTCACCTCAGCCTCCGCTCCCCGCCCTCTTCCCGGCCCAGGGCGCCG GCCCACCCTTCCCTCCGCCGCCCCCCGGCCGCGGGGAGGACATGGCCGCGCACAG GCCGGTGGAATGGGTCCAGGCCGTGGTCAGCCGCTTCGACGAGCAGCTTCCAATAA AAACAGGACAGCAGAACACACATACCAAAGTCAGTACTGAGCACAACAAGGAATGTC TAATCAATATTTCCAAATACAAGTTTTCTTTGGTTATAAGCGGCCTCACTACTATTTTAA AGAATGTTAACTATATGAGAATATTTGGAGAAGCTGCTGAAAAAAATTTATATCTCTCT CAGTTGATTATATTGGATACACTGGAAAAATGTCTTGCTGGGCAACCAAAGGACACAA TGAGATTAGATGA CTGCCATTTTCT TCACACCTGTCG TCTGCCTCTGG GGTTTTATTTTCT GCATTTCTACCA GGTTACAGGAAT GATATAGAATTG TTACAGTATATCA GGAAACAGCAT TTAAATTTAAAGC AGCCTGGAAAA GGCATTTTGGAA TGTACCAGATC CCACAGACTGAT TGGATGGTTTTG CTGAAAGCACCAA TCTCCTTATCTT GTGTCCAGAAAT AACAACATGAAT AAGAAGTTATTTC GAGGAAGTAGG CAGCTGACAGAA CAAGTACTTACA TCAATTGGGAAGA GTGGTTGATCTT AAGAACCTGCTT AGCCTGCAGATG TGGATCTAATGAT CACAACAACCAA CACTTTAAGATCT TGTGCTGGTAAA TTCACTCCATCGA AAGATTGATGCT GTGTATTGTCACTTTCATAAAGCAG TGCAAGGTTGTGGAGCACACCCAGCAATACGAATGGCACCGAGTCTTACATTTAAAG AAAAAGTAACAAGCCTTAAATTTAAAGAAAAACCTACAGACCTGGAGACAAGAAGCTA TAAGTATCTTCTCTTGTCCATGGTGAAACTAATTCATGCAGCTCCAAAGCTCTTGCTTT GTAATCCAAGAAAACAGGGGCCCGAAACCCAAGGCAGTACAGCAGAATTAATTACAG GGCTCGTCCAACTGGTCCCTCAGTCACACATGCCAGAGATTGCTCAGGAAGCAATGG AGGCTCTGCTGGTTCTTCATCAGTTAGATAGCATTGATTTGTGGAATCCTGATGCTCC TGTAGAAACATTTTGGGAGATTAGCTCACAAATGCTTTTTTACATCTGCAAGAAATTAA CTAGTCATCAAATGCTTAGTAGCACAGAAATTCTCAAGTGGTTGCGGGAAATATTGAT CTGCAGGAATAAATTTCTTCTTAAAAATAAGCAGGCAGATAGAAGTTCCTGTCACTTTC

Structure of DNA DNAStructure

Make copies (extend primers) Starting DNA Template 5’ 3’ 5’ 3’ Add primers (anneal) 5’ 3’ 5’ Forward primer Reverse primer DNA Amplification by PCR Separate strands (denature) 5’ 3’

After 32 cycles will be resulted 1.07 miliyar copy of DNA DNA result of PCR After several cycles Regio target DNA asli Cycles PCR

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY is the study of : STUCTURES TRAITS FUNCTION………of life BIOMOLEKUL DALAM PELAKSANAAN SEGALA ASPEK FUNGSI KEHIDUPAN

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY PHYSIOLOGY BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

BIOLOGI : IS THE STUDY OF ORGANISM ( ALL LIVING ASPECTS) BIOCHEMISTRY is the study of structure & process of chemistry in a life organism BIOLOGI SEL IS THE STUDY OF Cells are the basic units of life and all the chemical reactions of life occur in cells

POSITION OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SAINS, SCIENCE * BASIC SCIENCES) * APPLIED SCIENCES VETRINARY SCIENCE : APPLIED SCIENCES & CLINICAL : DIAGNOSIS, PATHOGENESIS TREATMENT

ORGANISM LIFE FUNCTIONS : 1. REPRODUCTION/REPLICATION 2. HEREDITER OF TRAITS 3. GROWTH 4. METABOLISM FOR ENERGY 5. HOMEOSTASIS 6. TRANSPORTS 7. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN CELLS.

BASE ON ENERGY SOURCES, ORGANISM : AUTOTROPHIC : Organism need INORGANIC Compound (CO2, H2O, NH3) for energy synthezising. HETEROTROPHIC : Organism need ORGANIC (CARBON) for their life. They can not synthezise all biomoleculs.

MODERN CELL THEORY 1.All living things are made of one or more cells 2.Cells are the basic units of life and all the chemical reactions of life occur in cells 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells

Cell Requirements 1.take in materials 2.extract useful energy 3.make their own molecules 4.grow in an organized manner 5.respond to stimuli 6.reproduce themselves 7.Plasma membrane to maintain integrity

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes All Bacteria No membrane bound organelles No microtubules flagella are single filaments single circular DNA molecule (not associated w/histone proteins). No true sexual reproduction Defined nucleus DNA stored as chromosomes (w/ histone proteins) Chromosomes regularly divide by Mitosis Flagella & cilia have 9-plus-2 pattern of microtubules Specialized organelles Integrated multicellularity Sexual reproduction (different types)

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell

VIRUS? UNCOMPLETED ORGANISM ! VIRUS CAN GROW & REPLICATE IF THEY ARE IN A CELL.

VIRUS OUTSIDE OF CELL  VIRION SIMPLE VIRION : * NUCLEUS (CORE) : DNA/RNA * NUCLEOCAPSID : PROTEIN UNSIMPLE VIRION : NUCLEUS, NUCLEOCAPSID, ENVELOP (LIPID BILAYER), ENZYMES Example : FMD (DNA), AI virus (RNA)

Influenza Virus

BIOMOLECULE: CHEMICAL COMPOUND IS NATURALLY FOUND IN LIVING ORGANISM OR IN JUST DEATH ORGANISM BASIC ATOMS FOR BIOMOLECULE : C, H, O, N, S, P

FUNCTIONS : A. As STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF CELL : CONSTRUCT ORGANISM BODY, Ex: CELL MEMBRANE, CITOSCELETON, CELL MATRIX B. As FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT OF CELL : NEEDED FOR LIVE FUNCTIONS Ex : ENZYMES, HORMONES, ANTIBODIES, DNA, RNA, ATP.

C. As STORED ENERGY ; Ex : TRIACYLGLYCEROL, GLYCOGEN C. As STORED ENERGY ; Ex : TRIACYLGLYCEROL, GLYCOGEN D. As WASTE : NON SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS METABOLIC WASTE Ex : UREUM, URIC ACID

BASED ON STRUCTURE & MOLECULAR WEIGHT, BIOMOLECULE : A. SIMPLE COMPOUND : AMINO ACID, FATTY ACID B. MACROMOLECULE : POLYSACCARIDE, POLYPEPTIDE (PROTEIN) POLYNUCLEOTIDE (DNA, RNA)

BIOMOLEKUL BERDASAR KELARUTANNYA BIOMOLEKUL BERDASAR KELARUTANNYA 1. SENYAWA HIDROFILIK : PROTEIN, GLUKOSA, ASAM AMINO 2. SENYAWA HIDROFOBIK : TRIASILGLISEROL, KOLESTEROL ESTER 3. SENYAWA AMPIFILIK : PENYUSUN MEMBRAN SEL : SFINGOMIELIN, KOLESTEROL, SEREBROSIDA

MACROMOLECULE : As POLYMER : - HOMOPOLYMER : - HETEROPOLIMER :

Herediter traits organism GENE : 1865 MENDEL: (HEREDITARY FACTOR).

1944 AVERY, MAC LEOD & Mc. CARTHY GENE IS A DNA 1953 WATSON & CRICK STRUCTURE OF DOUBLE HELIKS DNA HOW IS DNA INFLUENCE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS??

Language of Genetics Central Dogma Genotype Proteins Phenotype DNARNAProtein Transcription Translation

DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) Composition : BASE : ADENIN (A) GUANIN (G) TIMIN (T) SITOSIN (C) SUGAR : 2- DEOXY RIBOSE DOUBLE HELIX : - COMPLEMENTER - ANTIPARALLEL

DIFFERENT BETWEEN DNA & RNA PENTOSE : DEOXY RIBOSE ( DNA) & RIBOSE (RNA) NITROGEN BASE: ADENIN, TYMIN, GUANIN, CYTOSIN ( DNA) ADENIN, URASIL, GUANIN, CYTOSIN (RNA)

MUTATION ON DNA MUTASI : POINT (DELETION, INSERTION) FRAME SHIFT MUTATION

SEKIAN DAN TERIMA KASIH