1. DNA => RNA => PROTEIN Central Dogma of Life

2. DNA Name: Deoxyribonucleic Acid “Molecule of Life” Stays in the nucleus of eukaryotes Codes for RNA and ultimately proteins Structure: Double stranded (double helix) Monomers: Nucleotides Deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base N bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, & Thymine

3. RNA Name: Ribonucleic Acid Disposable copy of DNA- moves to the cytoplasm to make proteins Structure: Single Stranded Monomer: Nucleotides Ribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base N base: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, & Uracil Three kinds mRNA - messenger tRNA - transfer rRNA - ribosomes

4. Nucleotide Remember that a nucleotide is made up of three parts: 1. Phosphate group 2. 5 carbon sugar 3. Nitrogenous base The nitrogenous base differs A, T, C or G in DNA A, U, C or G in RNA

5. DNA Replication DNA must be replicated When does this happen during the cell cycle? When does DNA get replicated? When new cells need to be made To replace dead or damaged cells To grow and develop To form a new life- fertilization  birth 2 strands of DNA run in opposite directions

6. DNA Replication Enzymes involved DNA helicase- unwinds, unzips double stranded DNA, exposes nitrogenous bases so they can be based paired DNA polymerase- adds new DNA nucleotides DNA replication is semi-conservative, meaning that each new DNA strand is made of one old and one new strand

8. Protein Monomers: Amino Acids Functions: Enzymes Structural Proteins In the cell membrane Give characteristics to cells They make you, YOU!

9. Genes Segments of DNA The code on the DNA codes for a PROTEIN.

10. How to get from DNA to Proteins Transcription - The rewritten language of DNA nucleotides to RNA nucleotides Translation - The translation from the language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids.

11. Transcription: From DNA => mRNA Rewriting the nucleotide code In the Nucleus The DNA transcribed is for a certain protein (from a gene) DNA splits 1 Strand is used as a template RNA polymerase is used to build mRNA strand. Once complete the mRNA goes into the cytoplasm.

12. Codons Series of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA Each codon codes from only on specific Amino Acid

13. 1 codon for 1 amino acid

14. Translation From mRNA => Proteins mRNA comes from the nucleus to the Ribosome At the Ribosome, the code of mRNA nucleotides is translated into the language of Protein amino acids using tRNA

15. tRNA RNA molecules that helps build proteins One end has an amino acid attached One end has an anitcodon Series of 3 nucleotides on the tRNA Match with the mRNA codons The amino acid is specific to the anticodon

16. Translation 1. mRNA enters the ribosome Always starts with AUG on mRNA 2. tRNA from the cytoplasm attaches to the mRNA 3. Amino acid attached to tRNA is dropped off 4. The next tRNA with the matching anitcodon to the next codon enters the ribosome 5. The amino acid is dropped off and tied to the 1st amino acid…Until Stop Codon.

17. Amino Acid Ribosome tRNA

18. What is the Protein? The series of Amino Acids created in translation The order of amino acids determine the protein Change the amino acids, you change the protein

19. Transcription and Translation Ex. DNA Sequence TACATACGCTTT Complementary RNA AUGUAUGCGAAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Try-Ala-Lys

20. Transcription and Translation Ex. DNA Sequence TACATACGCTTT Complementary RNA AUG/UAU/GCG/AAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Try-Ala-Lys

21. Mutations Occur when DNA is replicated during the cell cycle substitutions deletions insertions

22. Base Substitution One DNA nucleotide is changed May or may not cause a change in the protein No change = silent mutation Could change amino acid, and therefore the function of the protein

23. Silent Mutation Original DNA Sequence TACATACGCTTT Complementary RNA AUGUAUGCGAAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Try-Ala-Lys Mutated DNA Sequence TACATGCGCTTT Complementary RNA AUGUACGCGAAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Try-Ala-Lys

24. Silent Mutation Original DNA Sequence TACATACGCTTT Complementary RNA AUG/UAU/GCG/AAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Try-Ala-Lys Mutated DNA Sequence TACATGCGCTTT Complementary RNA AUG/UAC/GCG/AAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Try-Ala-Lys

25. Mutation: Change in Protein Original DNA Sequence TACATACGCTTT Complementary RNA AUGUAUGCGAAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Try-Ala-Lys Mutated DNA Sequence TACACACGCTTT Complementary RNA AUGUGUGCGAAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Cys-Ala-Lys

26. Mutation: Change in Protein Original DNA Sequence TACATACGCTTT Complementary RNA AUG/UAU/GCG/AAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Try-Ala-Lys Mutated DNA Sequence TACACACGCTTT Complementary RNA AUG/UGU/GCG/AAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Cys-Ala-Lys

27. Base Insertion & Deletion Adding or taking away of nucleotides Will change the overall order of the amino acids, and therefore the Protein will change

28. Mutation: Change in Protein Original DNA Sequence TACATACGCTTT Complementary RNA AUG/UAU/GCG/AAA Amino Acid Sequence Met-Try-Ala-Lys Mutated DNA Sequence TACAGTACGCTTT Complementary RNA AUG/UCA/UGC/GAA/A Amino Acid Sequence Met-Ser-Cys-Glu

29. Mutagens What causes mutation UV light X-rays Chemicals

30. DNA => Protein