History of Education: After the Civil War Chapter 5B - Foundations
Native American Education 1864 – the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was established Assimilation was the goal at off-reservation boarding schools 1924 – Citizenship Act made Native Americans US citizens 30s & 40s – reservation schools were established to teach culture
Native American Education (continued) the Indian Self-Determination and Educational Assistance Act - below national norms for High Schools Graduates and College Degrees, so used this act to try to improve numbers of graduates/college degrees
European American Education 1800 – 1924: many immigrants from southern, central, and eastern Europe 30s and 40s: many immigrants from Italy and Germany (escaped from Totalitarian Regime) 50s: immigrants were mostly Holocaust survivors * Educational goals for these people were for basic education and assimilation
African American Education After the Civil War, education occurred in churches by ministers (A.M.E. – African Methodist Episcopal Church) In schools run by “Yankee School Marms” – women teachers from the North NAACP formed: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Famous African American Educators Booker T. Washington Principal at Tuskegee Institute Advocated vocational/industrial education to better oneself Presented a model for educating African Americans
Famous African American Educators W.E.B. DuBois Doctorate in sociology from Harvard Criticized Booker T. Washington Advocated increased academics and political activism Helped to start the Civil Rights Movement
Famous African American Educators Mary McLeod Bethune Founded Normal School for African American Girls in 1904 Served in Presidents’ Administration: FDR & Truman Thought upward mobility gained by practical training Political Activist
Famous Court Cases ~ Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Supreme Court ruled: public facilities could be separate, but equal - legalized school segregation ~ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) - Supreme Court ruled: segregation of students by race is unconstitutional > education must be available to all on equal terms