LIVING TOGETHER

Scientists Study Scientists have been studying the temperature, the amount of rainfall and the kind of soil that affect living things in an area. Scientists have been studying the temperature, the amount of rainfall and the kind of soil that affect living things in an area. How these living things interact with each other, behave and what they need to survive in this area. How these living things interact with each other, behave and what they need to survive in this area. How do the environmental factors affect the population size and different habitats. How do the environmental factors affect the population size and different habitats.

Organism A living thing A living thing A micro-organism A micro-organism A fungus A fungus A plant A plant An animal An animal

Population A group of organisms of the same kind that live together and reproduce in a particular place A group of organisms of the same kind that live together and reproduce in a particular place Do not live alone Do not live alone Share the environment with other populations Share the environment with other populations

Habitat The place where an organism lives The place where an organism lives Provide living things with everything that they need to survive Provide living things with everything that they need to survive Come in all sizes Come in all sizes Small habitats can exist within larger ones eg a pond can exist within a rainforest. Small habitats can exist within larger ones eg a pond can exist within a rainforest.

Community Consists of many populations living together in a habitat. Consists of many populations living together in a habitat. Examples Examples - pond community - pond community - field community - field community - garden community - garden community - forests community - forests community - mountains community - mountains community - antarctca community etc - antarctca community etc

Antarctic animal Weddell seal Weddell seal Crabeater Seal Crabeater Seal Leopard Seal Leopard Seal Notothenia Rossi, Notothenia Rossi, Antarctic Lichen Antarctic Lichen Ground Algae Ground Algae Cryptoendolith Cryptoendolith

Weddell Seal Their fat protects seals efficiently from the cold, both at sea and outside. They can weight up to 600kg, a good portion of which is fat. As an additional protection against the cold they have a thin layer of very dense fur. Their fat protects seals efficiently from the cold, both at sea and outside. They can weight up to 600kg, a good portion of which is fat. As an additional protection against the cold they have a thin layer of very dense fur. The male is bigger than the female, up to 3m long, but is not seen too often on the ice. The male is bigger than the female, up to 3m long, but is not seen too often on the ice. They are very good divers, able to dive down to 600m and hold their breath for an hour. They are very good divers, able to dive down to 600m and hold their breath for an hour. Their only predator is the killer whale, sometimes seen off the shores of Antarctica. Their only predator is the killer whale, sometimes seen off the shores of Antarctica. They catch and eat mainly fish, squids, octopuses, krill, crabs and shrimp. They catch and eat mainly fish, squids, octopuses, krill, crabs and shrimp.

Crabeater Seal Although very abundant around Antarctica, they are not very common around DdU. Although very abundant around Antarctica, they are not very common around DdU. Uniquely shaped teeth. Uniquely shaped teeth. They may reach up to 2.5m and weigh more than 200kg. They may reach up to 2.5m and weigh more than 200kg. They often have scars from leopard or killer whales attacks. They often have scars from leopard or killer whales attacks.

Leopard Seal Leopard seals are earless animals Leopard seals are earless animals When they catch one, they play with it just like a cat with a mouse When they catch one, they play with it just like a cat with a mouse Their name comes from their spotted fur and also from their huge mouth and powerful jaws. Their name comes from their spotted fur and also from their huge mouth and powerful jaws. Females are larger than males and may reach 4m and weight up to 450 kg. Females are larger than males and may reach 4m and weight up to 450 kg. They are solitary predators and eat just about everything, from krill to other seals but particularly appreciate Adelie penguins. They often attack penguins that are walking on broken floating ice by bursting through the ice; They are solitary predators and eat just about everything, from krill to other seals but particularly appreciate Adelie penguins. They often attack penguins that are walking on broken floating ice by bursting through the ice;

Notothenia Rossi It is one of the only species that stays near the coast even during the winter. It is one of the only species that stays near the coast even during the winter. Size about 15cm. Size about 15cm. Although the Antarctic ocean is one of the richest in the world, few fish wander near the coast because the water gets too cold (-1.8°C, 28.7°F). And the Antarctic convergence adds another barrier: it's current that circumnavigates the continent, with a sudden difference of 3°C from the northern water, also a lower salinity, higher oxygen and higher density making so that the species living in it are highly specific. Although the Antarctic ocean is one of the richest in the world, few fish wander near the coast because the water gets too cold (-1.8°C, 28.7°F). And the Antarctic convergence adds another barrier: it's current that circumnavigates the continent, with a sudden difference of 3°C from the northern water, also a lower salinity, higher oxygen and higher density making so that the species living in it are highly specific. Fishing them in winter is fun: drill a hole in the ice, put down a baited line, get it out and it will flash freeze in a matter of seconds. Fishing them in winter is fun: drill a hole in the ice, put down a baited line, get it out and it will flash freeze in a matter of seconds.

Antarctic Lichen One of the rarest life form on Earth. One of the rarest life form on Earth. It grows only on one spot about 10m by 2m near DdU. It grows only on one spot about 10m by 2m near DdU. There is some orange,some gray and some black (background). There is some orange,some gray and some black (background). Lichens can be found throughout Antarctica. Lichens can be found throughout Antarctica. There rate of growth is incredibly slow, from 1cm per century to 1cm per millennia. There rate of growth is incredibly slow, from 1cm per century to 1cm per millennia. They can survive for long periods of in a dry and inactive state and can also perform photosynthesis at temperatures as far down as - 20°C. They can survive for long periods of in a dry and inactive state and can also perform photosynthesis at temperatures as far down as - 20°C.

Ground Algae It grows in or around mud puddles in summer. It grows in or around mud puddles in summer. In winter it dries out or gets covered by snow and you can't even see it. In winter it dries out or gets covered by snow and you can't even see it. Phytoplankton, the 'grass' of the sea, is a mass a tiny micro- organisms that form the base of the Antarctic food chain. Phytoplankton, the 'grass' of the sea, is a mass a tiny micro- organisms that form the base of the Antarctic food chain. In summer the long days of sunlight allow tiny algaes to bloom quickly, often on the underside of floating ice. In summer the long days of sunlight allow tiny algaes to bloom quickly, often on the underside of floating ice. They are in turn eaten by zooplancton (tiny animals), which gets eaten by krill, fish and squid which get in turn eaten by penguins and seals, and the chain finishes in the stomach of the killer whale and sea leopard. They are in turn eaten by zooplancton (tiny animals), which gets eaten by krill, fish and squid which get in turn eaten by penguins and seals, and the chain finishes in the stomach of the killer whale and sea leopard.

Cryptoendolith This cryptoendolith (hidden-in- rock in Greek) is one of the strangest life form of all. This cryptoendolith (hidden-in- rock in Greek) is one of the strangest life form of all. It is a whole ecosystem growing inside clear rocks, just a few millimeters under the surface and includes an association of bacteria and algae. It is a whole ecosystem growing inside clear rocks, just a few millimeters under the surface and includes an association of bacteria and algae. It is visible as the green stripe on this split rock. Enough light and water gets through the rock for photosynthesis. It is visible as the green stripe on this split rock. Enough light and water gets through the rock for photosynthesis.

Garden habitat Caterpillar Caterpillar Spider Spider Snail Snail Flower Flower

Caterpillar Caterpillars are the larval form of a member of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). Caterpillars are the larval form of a member of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths).larvalorder Lepidopterainsectbutterfliesmothslarvalorder Lepidopterainsectbutterfliesmoths They are mostly phytophagous in food habit, with some species being entomophagous. Caterpillars are voracious feeders and many of them are considered pests in agriculture. They are mostly phytophagous in food habit, with some species being entomophagous. Caterpillars are voracious feeders and many of them are considered pests in agriculture.phytophagousentomophagouspests agriculturephytophagousentomophagouspests agriculture Many moth species are better known in their caterpillar stages because of the damage they cause to fruits and other agricultural produce. Many moth species are better known in their caterpillar stages because of the damage they cause to fruits and other agricultural produce.species

Spider Spiders (order Araneae) are air- breathing chelicerate arthropods that have eight legs, and chelicerae modified into fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms Spiders (order Araneae) are air- breathing chelicerate arthropods that have eight legs, and chelicerae modified into fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organismsordercheliceratearthropodscheliceraevenomarachnidsordercheliceratearthropodscheliceraevenomarachnids Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every ecological niche with the exception of air and sea colonization Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every ecological niche with the exception of air and sea colonizationAntarcticaecological nicheAntarcticaecological niche Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae. In all except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure. Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae. In all except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure. segmentstagmatacephalothoraxabdomenpedicelinsects antennaeMesothelaeganglia extensorhydraulic segmentstagmatacephalothoraxabdomenpedicelinsects antennaeMesothelaeganglia extensorhydraulic

Snail Snail is a common name for almost all members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have coiled shells in the adult stage. When the word is used in a general sense, it includes sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. Otherwise snail-like creatures that lack a shell (or have only a very small one) are called slugs. Snail is a common name for almost all members of the molluscan class Gastropoda that have coiled shells in the adult stage. When the word is used in a general sense, it includes sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. Otherwise snail-like creatures that lack a shell (or have only a very small one) are called slugs.common name molluscanGastropodashellsland snailsfreshwater snailsshell slugscommon name molluscanGastropodashellsland snailsfreshwater snailsshell slugs Snails can be found in a wide range of environments including ditches, deserts, and the abyssal depths of the sea. Although many people are familiar with terrestrial snails, land snails are in the minority. Marine snails constitute the majority of snail species, and have much greater diversity and a greater biomass. Numerous kinds of snail can also be found in fresh waters. Many snails are herbivorous, though a few land species and many marine species are omnivores or predatory carnivores. Snails can be found in a wide range of environments including ditches, deserts, and the abyssal depths of the sea. Although many people are familiar with terrestrial snails, land snails are in the minority. Marine snails constitute the majority of snail species, and have much greater diversity and a greater biomass. Numerous kinds of snail can also be found in fresh waters. Many snails are herbivorous, though a few land species and many marine species are omnivores or predatory carnivores. ditchesdesertsabyssalterrestrialMarinebiomassfresh waters herbivorousomnivorespredatory carnivores ditchesdesertsabyssalterrestrialMarinebiomassfresh waters herbivorousomnivorespredatory carnivores

Flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). bloomblossom reproductive flowering plantsMagnoliophyta bloomblossom reproductive flowering plantsMagnoliophyta The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds. The process begins with pollination, is followed by fertilization, leading to the formation and dispersal of the seeds. For the higher plants, seeds are the next generation, and serve as the primary means by which individuals of a species are dispersed across the landscape. The grouping of flowers on a plant is called the inflorescence. The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds. The process begins with pollination, is followed by fertilization, leading to the formation and dispersal of the seeds. For the higher plants, seeds are the next generation, and serve as the primary means by which individuals of a species are dispersed across the landscape. The grouping of flowers on a plant is called the inflorescence. inflorescence In addition to serving as the reproductive organs of flowering plants, flowers have long been admired and used by humans, mainly to beautify their environment but also as a source of food In addition to serving as the reproductive organs of flowering plants, flowers have long been admired and used by humans, mainly to beautify their environment but also as a source of food

Underwater Octopus Octopus Starfish Starfish Crabs Crabs

Octopus Octopuses have two eyes and four pairs of arms and like other cephalopods are bilaterally symmetric. An octopus has a hard beak, with its mouth at the center point of the arms. Octopuses have two eyes and four pairs of arms and like other cephalopods are bilaterally symmetric. An octopus has a hard beak, with its mouth at the center point of the arms.bilaterally symmetricbilaterally symmetric Most octopuses have no internal or external skeleton, allowing them to squeeze through tight places. Octopuses are highly intelligent, probably the most intelligent of all invertebrates. Most octopuses have no internal or external skeleton, allowing them to squeeze through tight places. Octopuses are highly intelligent, probably the most intelligent of all invertebrates. The octopus inhabits many diverse regions of the ocean, especially coral reefs. For defense against predators, they hide, flee quickly, expel ink, or use color-changing camouflage. An octopus trails its eight arms behind it as it swims. All octopuses are venomous, but only the small blue-ringed octopuses are deadly to humans. The octopus inhabits many diverse regions of the ocean, especially coral reefs. For defense against predators, they hide, flee quickly, expel ink, or use color-changing camouflage. An octopus trails its eight arms behind it as it swims. All octopuses are venomous, but only the small blue-ringed octopuses are deadly to humans.ocean coral reefsblue-ringed octopusesocean coral reefsblue-ringed octopuses

Starfish Starfish are among the most familiar of marine animals and possess a number of widely known traits,such as regeneration and feeding on mussels. Starfish are among the most familiar of marine animals and possess a number of widely known traits,such as regeneration and feeding on mussels. Starfish possess a wide diversity of body forms and feeding methods. The extent that Asteroidea can regenerate varies with individual species. Broadly speaking, starfish are opportunistic feeders, with several species having specialized feeding behavior, including suspension feeding and specialized predation on specific prey. Starfish possess a wide diversity of body forms and feeding methods. The extent that Asteroidea can regenerate varies with individual species. Broadly speaking, starfish are opportunistic feeders, with several species having specialized feeding behavior, including suspension feeding and specialized predation on specific prey. The Asteroidea occupy several important roles throughout ecology and biology. Sea stars, such as the Ochre star (Pisaster ochraceus) have become widely known as the example of the keystone species concept in ecology. The Asteroidea occupy several important roles throughout ecology and biology. Sea stars, such as the Ochre star (Pisaster ochraceus) have become widely known as the example of the keystone species concept in ecology. The tropical Crown of Thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) are voracious predators of coral throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Other starfish, such as members of the Asterinidae are frequently used in developmental biology. The tropical Crown of Thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) are voracious predators of coral throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Other starfish, such as members of the Asterinidae are frequently used in developmental biology.

Crabs True crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail" True crabs are decapod crustaceans of the infraorder Brachyura, which typically have a very short projecting "tail"decapod crustaceansdecapod crustaceans Where the reduced abdomen is entirely hidden under the thorax. Where the reduced abdomen is entirely hidden under the thorax.abdomen thoraxabdomen thorax Other animals, such as hermit crabs, king crabs, porcelain crabs, horseshoe crabs and crab lice, are not true crabs. Other animals, such as hermit crabs, king crabs, porcelain crabs, horseshoe crabs and crab lice, are not true crabs.hermit crabsking crabsporcelain crabshorseshoe crabs crab licehermit crabsking crabsporcelain crabshorseshoe crabs crab lice

Field Horses Horses Goats Goats Cows Cows

Horse Although most horses today are domesticated, there are still endangered populations of the Przewalski's Horse, the only remaining true wild horse, as well as more common populations of feral horses which live in the wild but are descended from domesticated ancestors. Although most horses today are domesticated, there are still endangered populations of the Przewalski's Horse, the only remaining true wild horse, as well as more common populations of feral horses which live in the wild but are descended from domesticated ancestors. Przewalski's Horsewild horse feral horses Przewalski's Horsewild horse feral horses Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits, as well as in working activities such as police work, agriculture, entertainment, and therapy. Horses and humans interact in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits, as well as in working activities such as police work, agriculture, entertainment, and therapy.police work agriculturepolice work agriculture Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods", such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods", developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. draft horsesponieswarmbloods draft horsesponieswarmbloods

Goat The goat is a member of the Bovidae family and is closely related to the sheep: both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae. There are over three hundred distinct breeds of goat. The goat is a member of the Bovidae family and is closely related to the sheep: both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae. There are over three hundred distinct breeds of goat. Bovidaesheepgoat-antelope Caprinae Bovidaesheepgoat-antelope Caprinae Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species. Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species. Goats have been used for their milk, meat, hair, and skins over much of the world. Goats have been used for their milk, meat, hair, and skins over much of the world.milkmeatmilkmeat In the twentieth century they also gained in popularity as pets. In the twentieth century they also gained in popularity as pets. pets

Cow Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals. Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals.livestockbeefveal dairy animalsmilkdairy products draft animalslivestockbeefveal dairy animalsmilkdairy products draft animals Other products include leather and dung for manure or fuel. In some countries, such as India, cattle are sacred. Other products include leather and dung for manure or fuel. In some countries, such as India, cattle are sacred.leatherdungmanurefuel Indiacattle are sacredleatherdungmanurefuel Indiacattle are sacred It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion cattle in the world today. It is estimated that there are 1.3 billion cattle in the world today.