Emergency Lighting Chris Holder Thorlux Lighting

Fires by Building Type 2004 Fire Statistics, United Kingdom by ODPM 2004 Total: >37,000 fires (excludes domestic)

Agenda Legislation/Standards/Guidance Design Requirements Equipment – latest developments Ownership Automatic Testing Products and Systems Summary

Bewildering/Confusing Array of References! Just some!……………….. BS 5266 pt 1: 2005 & pt 7(EN1838): 1999 BS EN 12193: 1999 BS 5499 1-5 >2000 BS EN 60598-2-22: 1999 BS EN 50172: 2004 BS EN 62034:2006 RRO (Fire Safety) 2005 Building Regs. Approved Doc. B 2007

Status Hierarchy EN Standards UK LAW BS EN 60598 2-22 Bldg Regs 2007 H & S Signs 1997 RRO (Fire Safety) 2005 EN Standards BS EN 60598 2-22 BS EN 1838 BS EN 50172 BS EN 12193 BS EN 62034 BS Codes of Practice BS 5266:1 BS 5499:1-5 Industry & Prof Guides CIBSE LG12 ICEL HSE, etc

Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 Objectives: To harmonise existing legislation To create a regime based on risk assessment & fire prevention & mitigation measures Ensure that fire safety facilities and equipment are maintained

Agenda Legislation/Standards/Guidance Design Requirements Equipment – latest developments Ownership Automatic Testing Products and Systems Summary

Types of Emergency Lighting Defined Escape Lighting Standby Lighting Escape Route Open Area High Risk Area Low-mounted way guidance system

Types of Emergency Lighting Defined Escape Lighting Standby Lighting Escape Route Open Area High Risk Area Low-mounted way guidance system

Standby Lighting BS EN 50172:2004 Applications requiring UPS (100% lighting) 7

Types of Emergency Lighting Defined Escape Lighting Standby Lighting Escape Route Open Area High Risk Area Low-mounted way guidance system

High Risk Areas BS5266 pt 7:1999 Safe Termination of Hazardous activity Safe passage / rescue access 10% normal lighting – MIN 15 LUX Uniformity > 0.1 min/av Might need UPS/ small Central Battery system

Types of Emergency Lighting Defined Escape Lighting Standby Lighting Escape Route Open Area High Risk Area Low-mounted way guidance system

Open Areas (>60m2*) : Anti Panic BS5266 pt 7:1999 Or as determined by Risk Assessment Building Regulations Approved Doc B 2007 Illumination Level: 0.5 lux minimum Uniformity (Max:Min)= 40:1 Exclude 0.5m border

Types of Emergency Lighting Defined Escape Lighting Standby Lighting Escape Route Open Area High Risk Area Low-mounted way guidance system

Escape Routes BS5266 pt 7:1999 1 lux min along centreline Uniformity (Max:Min)= 40:1 (EN1838 “A” deviation – 0.2 lux min if Permanently Unobstructed)

Essential Siting Of Emergency Luminaires BS5266 pt 7:1999 All Defined Escape Routes Changes To Route Direction Within 2 metres horizontal distance

Essential Siting Of Emergency Luminaires BS5266 pt 7:1999 EXIT DOORS (Intended for use in emergency) Within 2 metres horizontal distance

Essential Siting Of Emergency Luminaires BS5266 pt 7:1999 External escape routes may need lighting Consider muster points / roll calls Within 2 metres horizontal distance

Essential Siting Of Emergency Luminaires BS5266 pt 7:1999 STAIRS / ESCALATORS FLOOR LEVEL CHANGES / MOVING WALKWAYS Each tread should receive direct light (Painting stair nosings in a light colour can assist safety)

Essential Siting Of Emergency Luminaires BS5266 pt 7:1999 Toilets > 8m2 floor Any windowless Toilets Any facility for the disabled

Essential Siting Of Emergency Luminaires BS5266 pt 7:1999 FIRE ALARM CALL POINTS FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT Within 2 metres horizontal distance NB - 5 lux minimum on floor if not on escape route

Essential Siting Of Emergency Luminaires BS5266 pt 7:1999 FIRST AID SAFETY SIGNS & EQUIPMENT Within 2 metres horizontal distance NB - 5 lux minimum on floor if not on escape route

Emergency Signs BS EN 50172:2004 Required to ensure ESCAPE ROUTES are APPARENT from ANY LOCATION Series of signs may be req’d. MAINTAINED where occupants will be unfamiliar with building layout

NB All signs should be of the same format Sign Formats & Status Now ILLEGAL (since 1999) UK PREFERENCE BS5499-4:2000 (wht man – internally lit / green man externally lit.) MOST COMMONLY AVAILABLE SI341 HSE Signs Directive Format HTM65 – NHS HOSPITALS NB All signs should be of the same format

Externally or Internally Lit? BS5266 pt 7:1999 EXTERNALLY LIT INTERNALLY LIT h 100 X h ( 15m?) 100 lux vertical illumination (mains) and 5 lux (battery) (Minimum values) 200 x h ( 30m?) > 2 cd/m2

Signage

Direction Arrows: BS5499-4:2000

Luminaire Photometric Data BS5266-1:2005 Spacing Tables via Dialux

zero reflection factors for all surfaces Direct light only BS5266-1:2005 Use direct light only. No reflectances – EXCEPT if using uplighters (WHY?) zero reflection factors for all surfaces

Uniformity Requirements Escape Routes & Open Areas BS5266 pt 7:1999 Objective – use a number of lower output luminaires to get even light spread, not one high powered luminaire in centre. Max : Min = 40 : 1 Escape Route 40 lux/1 lux Open Area = 20 lux/0.5 lux

Individual Luminaire Failure BS EN 50172 Advised to use more than one luminaire in each compartment/zone if practical. Minimum 2 luminaires per compartment (where practical) Use more low powered luminaires rather than fewer higher powered

Avoiding Disability Glare BS5266 pt 7:1999 Consider where they are located and the problems of glare. BS specifies maximum brightness (luminance) at specific angles.

Conclusions BS5266-1:2005 Client’s Fire Risk Assessment should be consulted Guidance needed on requirements over minimum levels and locations Points of emphasis need to be finalised! Designer undertakes legal responsibility! (Signed Declaration of Conformity req’d)

Agenda Legislation/Standards/Guidance Design Requirements Equipment – latest developments Ownership Automatic Testing Products and Systems Summary

Categories of Operation BS5266-1:2005 Maintained 3 hour M/3 X 1 **** 180 X **** 180 Non-maintained 3 hour NM/3

Categories of Operation BS5266-1:2005 Type Mode of Operation Facilities Duration (Self-contained only) X Self-contained Non-maintained A Inc. test device 10 10 min Z Central System 1 Maintained B Inc. remote rest mode 60 1 hour 2 Combined non-maintained C Inc. inhibiting mode 120 2 hour 3 Combined maintained D High risk task luminaire 180 3 hour 4 Compound non-maintained 5 Compound maintained 6 Satellite

Maintained or Non Maintained ? BS5266-1:2005 Maintained Exit signs when building users will be unfamiliar with its layout. Maintained within common circulation areas of shopping malls. Maintained usually saves installation points (regular luminaires converted) Lamp Integrity needs close attention Temperature/Battery life issues Which is better? Maintained luminaires are required where users are unfamiliar with layout. Non-maintained – Other applications. Apparent advantage of maintained – but consider effects of aging on lamp, heat on battery.

Luminaire Specifications BS EN 60598-2-22 CE Marked: declaring compliance with all relevant standards (Tech File includes EMC test certification) Makes site conversions very dubious In maintained luminaire (used for both normal and emergency usage) – heat can detrimentally effect battery performance and life. Spend much time in labs designing layout to ensure batteries are at coolest location, and testing in thermal chamber. At end of process, the luminaire is CE marked to declare compliance, including EMC radiation and should have a technical file with certificates and test records. Knowing work involved - query practice of contractors buying emergency gear and converting luminaires on site.

LEDs Light output now high enough Long life Low power consumption

LED Exit Signs 100,000 hr life = over 11 years continuous illumination NiMh batteries – 8 years rated life

Agenda Legislation/Standards/Guidance Design Requirements Equipment – latest developments Ownership Automatic Testing Products and Systems Summary

Good Housekeeping! As part of a Safety Culture: Regular Inspections/Maintenance and Risk Assessment Reviews Escape Routes permanently unobstructed No locked/blocked exit doors

Servicing Regular servicing is essential “Responsible Person” should appoint a “Competent Person” with authority to ensure correct testing/maintenance/logging

Inspection & Testing BS EN 50172:2004 Commissioning Full 3 hour duration (after 24 hours uninterrupted charge time) Monthly Short test to ensure emergency lamp functionality Annual (NEW, was after 3 years) Full rated battery duration test

Agenda Legislation/Standards/Guidance Design Requirements Equipment – latest developments Ownership Automatic Testing Products and Systems Summary

Autotest Products & Systems Product Standard BS EN 62034:2006 – Standard for Automatic Test Systems

Basic Principles Self-monitoring Compliant test schedule Timing Circuit Charging Lamp Communications Compliant test schedule Test result status indication Minimise risk by randomising/staggering testing

Solutions Stand-alone Luminaires Network Systems

Stand-alone Luminaires & Exit Signs Each device tests itself Indication by status LED Use of bi-colour LEDs May use audible sounder Test procedure – automatic but results need to be recorded manually every 30 days Healthy Flashing Red = Faulty

Stand-alone Advantages Disadvantages Easy to specify Easy to install Simplifies testing procedures Reduces possibility of error Disadvantages Increased cost – typically £30 - £40 User has to remember to inspect on a regular basis Test results need to be manually recorded

Networked Monitoring Systems Luminaires & Signs linked back to central monitoring & reporting device Luminaire, zone & central status indication Detailed test reports NOT rely on central device to initiate emergency mode Alternative to stand-alone is a networked system that breaks the building down into logical zones, but all connected back to one central point.

Latest Generation Technology Remote reporting using web/email Pro-active – system lets you know when there’s a fault Multiple Buildings Fault identification Reduces time spent diagnosing fault Helps ensure maintenance engineer arrives with correct parts Records Archive

Networked Systems Disadvantages Advantages Increased capital cost Constant self-monitoring Central status indication speeds up inspection process Test results are prepared/stored automatically Pro-active – ideal for remote monitoring Disadvantages Increased capital cost Installation of signal cable & zone/central controllers – not so easy to retrofit

Summary Stand-alone Networked systems Easier to specify & install User must still inspect every month Manual record keeping Networked systems Simplifies inspection – usually to one central location Significant reduction in test/inspection costs Automatic record generation & archiving Pro-active remote reporting

Cost Comparison – Primary School Project 100 luminaires & exit signs Standard Emergency Stand-alone AutoTest Networked Auto-Test (includes zone & centralised equipment)

Capital Outlay Option 1 – Standard Emergency Luminaires Option 2 – AutoTest Emergency Luminaires Option 3 – Networked System Cost of Equipment & Installation £ 15,000 £ 19,000 £ 21,800 100% 127% 145%

Annual Testing Costs Option 1 – Standard Emergency Luminaires Option 2 – AutoTest Emergency Luminaires Option 3 – Networked System Annual Testing Cost £ 3,000 £ 1,500 £ 600 Total over 10 years (3% infl. pa) £ 34,400 £ 17,200 £ 6,878 100% 50% 20%

10 yr. Life-Cycle Costs Option 1 – Standard Emergency Luminaires Option 2 – AutoTest Emergency Luminaires Option 3 – Networked System Equip. & Inst £ 15,000 £19,000 £ 21,800 10 yr Testing £ 34,400 £ 17,200 £ 6,800 10 Yr Life Costs £ 49,400 £ 36,200 £ 28,400 100% 73% 57%

Life-Cycle Costs Graph

Summary Modest increase in capital outlay = large saving in testing/inspecting/ recording through life of building Greater peace of mind, compliance & security

Conclusions Statutory requirement to provide effective emergency lighting Code of practice specifies requirements Client’s Fire Safety Risk Assessment should be consulted Technology can provide solutions Life-cycle costs should be calculated, not just capital expenditure