1. Lighting facts

2.  Lighting can be a big energy consumer in offices and production areas and experience shows that energy savings may be achieved - often with simple activities. The main reasons for wasting energy is that staff are not aware about lighting costs and correct light usage systems have been originally installed correctly but requirements have changed and the system was not updated identifying costs for lighting and lighting requirements is time intensive and will therefore be ignored by staff It is a well known fact that staff work during the day with artificial lights although there is full daylight and lights remain switched on in unoccupied areas. 2

3. Lighting sources and characteristics A lighting system may use different lighting sources although today LED light becomes popular. Each lighting source has its advantages and disadvantages and the use of a lamp depends on the lighting requirements. a.Traditional bulbs b. Fluorescent lamp standard c. Compact fluorescent lamps d. New generation fluorescent lamps e.LED lights 3

4. Wattage – Lumens Comparison 4

5. a. Traditional bulbs 5

6. b. Fluorescent lamp standard 6

7. c. Compact fluorescent lamps 7

8. d. New generation fluorescent lamps 8

9. d. LED lights 9

10. Requirements for illumination 10  Illumination requirements depend on necessary lighting levels for different types of industries, rooms and activities. When evaluating the illumination requirements it is important to consider the following factors 1.Light Output / Lumens 2.Glare 3.Colour rendering

11. Light Output / Lumens 11

12. Glare 12 Cause of glare can be reflective surfaces which are in the visual field. Glare is a discomfort and reduces the capability to distinguish detail. Occurrence of glare to a significant degree worsens the benefits of lighting. The smaller the degree of glare the greater is the comfort level.

13. Hotel Lighting Fixture Use 13.

14. Corridor & Stairway Lighting 14. Typically, corridors and stairways are lit 24 hours a day, every day of the week, Corridors and stairways in commercial buildings are vacant about 50% of the time. Recent studies have shown adaptive corridor and stairwell lighting deliver energy savings of 40 to 50%.

15. Colour rendering 15 Colour rendering describes the comfort of a lamp and has a significant impact on the comfort of a workplace The vertical illumination power is responsible for the colour rendering. The horizontal illumination power is responsible for the lighting intensity. As a rule of thumb it can be said that the vertical illumination power should reach at least 1/3 of the horizontal illumination power. Both data can be directly measured with a light meter. Lamps with very good colour rendering will normally be used in areas which should provide a good level of comfort or where very precise work is undertaken.

16. Evaluating costs for lighting 16 It is normally not possible to identify the costs for lighting from the energy invoice, or to undertake separate measurements. Therefore it is necessary to identify electricity costs by calculations. The following step by step process gives guidance. Start to evaluate your system by analysing an individual room and then continue with the rest of the organisation.

17. Making energy savings 17 1.First, focus on activities which do not require investments. 2.Second, focus on activities that increase the efficiency of the current system. 3.Third, focus on activities connected with changes to the system itself or building alteration work.

18. Making energy savings 18 Energy costs for lighting depend on power requirements of the system and the operating time. The main focus must therefore be to reduce both power requirements and operating times. The following actions and techniques can help: Use of daylight Switch lights off Maintenance and cleaning Interiors and colours Reducing lighting level Select components with best efficiency Use control systems

19. Use of daylight 19 Staff sometimes forget that artificial light is only necessary when there is too little natural daylight. Therefore awareness must be raised to switch lights off when daylight is sufficient. In addition the use of daylight may be maximised by considering the interior design of the office by moving desks next to windows and opening blinds.

20. Switch it off 20  Manual switching off. Switch off lamps if they are not needed. Install more switches so that lighting can be zoned. Opportunities to switch off lights by staff are during breaks, lunchtimes and when finishing work. This method is the cheapest because no investment is needed but requires staff awareness.  Time switch. For rooms where illumination is needed for a short period only, time controllers are helpful to reduce energy consumption. Automatic lighting control allows lights to be turned off automatically at predetermined intervals

21. Reduce lighting level 21 Daylight control allows the gradual switching off of lights. A good opportunity is to continuously adapt lighting requirements according to the needs of staff. It is not necessary that lights operate 24 hours a day although this is needed sometimes to be customer friendly, e.g. clothes shops, hotels etc.

22. Maintenance and cleaning 22. Although this might sound obvious ensure that lights, reflectors and coverings are cleaned regularly.

23. Interiors and colours 23 When decorating and choosing floor coverings try to use light colours as they are better at reflecting light. This is also true for furniture and curtains.

24. Select components with best efficiency 24 Changing all lamps to energy efficient light fittings and bulbs will be unlikely to happen all at once. It is a better idea to change to efficient fittings during repair and maintenance work and to continuously update the system. This is also true for replacing the older thick fluorescent lamps with new thinner fluorescent lamps as they have a higher intensity of light and save up to 5 % energy. In cases where fluorescent lamps flicker the energy consumption rises by up to 30%, and the ballast has to be checked. Selecting energy efficient components also means to clean windows regularly, to paint walls bright and to clean the surfaces of lamps

25. Use control systems 25 Control systems are an effective instrument to reduce energy consumption but have the main disadvantage that they need high investment and are only economic in buildings with high energy consumption. Control systems should therefore be considered in the planning phase of a building. The following control systems are commonly used: Motion control Daylight control Time clock Remote control

26. Use control systems 26 Motion control. Motion detectors switch lights off when there is no occupancy in an area. Experience shows that motion detectors reduce energy consumption significantly, but installation requires high investment costs.

27. Use control systems 27 Daylight control. Daylight detectors turn lights down or switch them off when daylight reaches the detector. Installation may require high investment costs but you should achieve significant savings. Practice shows that the most accepted solution by the user is achieved using a gradual reduction of artificial lighting

28. Use control systems 28 Time clock. This is simply when you turn your lights off and on at predetermined intervals. A typical example are shop window displays.

29. Use control systems 29 Remote control. This uses a device similar to your TV remote control. Individual users can control the luminous flux in the room according to their needs. An additional advantage of using remote control is that no wiring work is required.