Think About It You have been presented with three identical, unknown foods and told that one of them could solve the world’s hunger/nutrition problem. Unfortunately, one of them may also make you sick. Within 3 days, you must choose one of the foods to package. How will you decide which food? Write down your plan. You have been presented with three identical, unknown foods and told that one of them could solve the world’s hunger/nutrition problem. Unfortunately, one of them may also make you sick. Within 3 days, you must choose one of the foods to package. How will you decide which food? Write down your plan.

Research to improve our medical condition Biomedical Research

What is different about these questions? What genes do viruses use to replicate? What genes do viruses use to replicate? Can a new drug be made to help protect us against AIDS? Can a new drug be made to help protect us against AIDS? What affect does the AZT drug have on elder AIDS patients? What affect does the AZT drug have on elder AIDS patients?

Basic research Research conducted to increase fundamental knowledge Research conducted to increase fundamental knowledge Not directed toward solving any particular problem Not directed toward solving any particular problem Provides building blocks for other types of research Provides building blocks for other types of research

Basic Research Questions How does HIV invade white blood cells? How does HIV invade white blood cells? What is the structure of the AIDS virus? What is the structure of the AIDS virus? What link does diet have to colon cancer? What link does diet have to colon cancer? What causes gestational diabetes in pregnant women? What causes gestational diabetes in pregnant women? Do dogs have more bacteria in their mouth than humans? Do dogs have more bacteria in their mouth than humans? What is my resting heartrate? What is my resting heartrate? Does music improve my studying? Does music improve my studying?

Applied research Directed toward specific objectives – for example, development of new drug, treatment, or surgical procedure Directed toward specific objectives – for example, development of new drug, treatment, or surgical procedure Conducted with animals, non-animal methods (computer models or tissue cultures), and humans Conducted with animals, non-animal methods (computer models or tissue cultures), and humans

Applied Research Questions Can you diagnose AIDS with a urine test? Can you diagnose AIDS with a urine test? How do cancer cells respond to herbal treatment? How do cancer cells respond to herbal treatment? What affect does drug X have on weight loss in dogs? What affect does drug X have on weight loss in dogs? How does insulin interact with pancreas cells? How does insulin interact with pancreas cells? How can we block the HIV from attaching to cells? How can we block the HIV from attaching to cells? Does gene therapy affect normal protein production? Does gene therapy affect normal protein production? What component in dog saliva could be used as an antibiotic? What component in dog saliva could be used as an antibiotic?

Clinical research Used when other forms of research have taken place Used when other forms of research have taken place Used to test potential drugs and treatments in humans Used to test potential drugs and treatments in humans Builds on what is done in basic and applied stages Builds on what is done in basic and applied stages Broad variety of activities and areas of study Broad variety of activities and areas of study Human clinical trials Human clinical trials Psychosocial and behavioral research Psychosocial and behavioral research Disease control research Disease control research

Clinical Research Questions How does Levitra affect male erectile dysfunction? How does Levitra affect male erectile dysfunction? Which diet program has the longest lasting affect on weigh loss? Which diet program has the longest lasting affect on weigh loss? Do cooler operating room temperatures improve surgical recovery? Do cooler operating room temperatures improve surgical recovery? What proportion of smokers have heart attacks? What proportion of smokers have heart attacks? Which AIDS drug gives patients the longest life span? Which AIDS drug gives patients the longest life span? Do daily doses of Ibuprofen reduce the occurrences of migraine headaches? Do daily doses of Ibuprofen reduce the occurrences of migraine headaches?

Methods of Biomedical Research

Computer Modeling Use computers to take data and create a model of how something would work Use computers to take data and create a model of how something would work Weather reports, accident predictions, drug interactions Weather reports, accident predictions, drug interactions Reduces the expense of materials, screens for possibilities Reduces the expense of materials, screens for possibilities Is limited to the data already collected; not an experiment Is limited to the data already collected; not an experiment

In Vitro Studies In glass; doing experiments in isolation in test tubes or cell cultures In glass; doing experiments in isolation in test tubes or cell cultures Cell cytotoxicity (death) from a drug, drug absorption Cell cytotoxicity (death) from a drug, drug absorption Isolates variable Isolates variable Does not identify systems affect Does not identify systems affect

Non-Human, Animal Studies Testing on animals Testing on animals Drug, diet, or treatment affects on animals Drug, diet, or treatment affects on animals Shows how different systems are affected by drug; better for animal to be harmed than for a human to be harmed Shows how different systems are affected by drug; better for animal to be harmed than for a human to be harmed Animals are still not humans Animals are still not humans

Human, Clinical Studies Using human to test for safety, and efficacy of the drug Using human to test for safety, and efficacy of the drug Clinical Trials Clinical Trials –Phases I – small group, healthy (safety) –Phase II – small group, iIl (efficacy, safety) –Phase III – large group, ill (adverse affect) Promotes safe and effective drug Promotes safe and effective drug Takes too long Takes too long

Epidemiological Monitoring communities for the occurrence of disease Monitoring communities for the occurrence of disease AIDS (who, when, how) AIDS (who, when, how) Informs decisions, research, treatment Informs decisions, research, treatment Too much, too fast Too much, too fast

Benefits of Biomedical Research Contributions to human health 1.Treatment for heart disease – heart-lung machine 2.Treatment for cancer 3.Treatment for diabetes 4.Bone marrow transplants 5.Early vaccines 6.Polio vaccine 7.Chicken pox (Varicella) 8.Hepatitis 9.Fluoride – many countries add to water to decrease tooth decay 10.Penicillin and other antibiotics

Benefits of Biomedical Research AIDS research continues (acquire immunodeficiency syndrome) 1.Began in early 1980s 2.Caused by a virus 3.HIV infection progresses to AIDS when immune system is impaired and individual immune system is impaired and individual becomes susceptible to opportunistic becomes susceptible to opportunistic infection infection 4.Animals important part of AIDS research 5.Anti-HIV drugs available 6.Number of possible vaccines have been developed and are being tested in humans developed and are being tested in humans 7.Common sense preventive measures best way to prevent AIDS way to prevent AIDS