When Heredity Does Not Follow Mendelian Rules. Complex Patterns of Heredity Incomplete Dominance RR R' RR RR Neither phenotypes is completely dominant.

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Presentation transcript:

When Heredity Does Not Follow Mendelian Rules

Complex Patterns of Heredity Incomplete Dominance RR R' RR RR Neither phenotypes is completely dominant R = Red R' = White RR' = Pink RR = Red R'R' = White

Incomplete Dominance R R R' R’ R R RR R' Neither phenotypes is completely dominant R = Red R' = White RR = Red R'R' = White RR' = Pink

Codominance Both possible phenotypes can be expressed R R R' R’ R R RR R' Both phenotypes are expressed in heterozygotes R = Red R' = White RR = Red R'R' = White RR' = Spotted Striped Striped Checkered Checkered Etc. Etc.

Multiple Phenotypes from Multiple Alleles Traits controlled by multiple alleles B b B b B B bB bb b B

B = Blue Feathers b = Chocolate Feathers B A = Ash-red Feathers B dominant to b B recessive to B A b recessive to B b recessive to B A

Multiple Phenotypes from Multiple Alleles Traits controlled by multiple alleles BABA b B b B BABA bBABA bb b B

Multiple Phenotypes from Multiple Alleles Traits controlled by multiple alleles BABA B B b B BABA BBABA bb B B

Multiple Phenotypes from Multiple Alleles Traits controlled by multiple alleles BABA BABA b b BABA BABA BABA BABA bb b b

Sex Determination 22 Pairs of Homologous Chromosomes: Autosomes X X Y X X X XX YX Y X 1 Pair of Sex Chromosomes

Sex Linked Inheritance Traits located on sex chromosomes: Sex-linked traits XrXr XRXR Y XRXR XRXR XrXr XRXR XrXr YXRXR Y XRXR X R = Red Eyes X r = White Eyes Males = ½ Red Eyes Males = ½ White Eyes Females = All Red Eyes

Polygenic Inheritance Traits controlled by multiple genes ABC ABC abc abc AABBCCAaBbCc AaBbCcaabbcc

Sickle-Cell Disease H H' H H’ H H H'H H Codominance

Sickle-Cell Disease H H' H’ H' H H

Sickle-Cell Disease H H’ H H

Multiple Alleles and Blood Type

Sex-Linked Traits in Humans Color Blindness X R X G X r X g Y X R X G X r X g Y Y X R X G

Sex-Linked Traits in Humans Hemophilia: 1:10,000 males 1:100,000,000 females XHXH XhXh Y XHXH Y Y XHXH XHXH XhXh XhXh XHXH XHXH

Sex-Linked Traits in Humans Hemophilia: 1:10,000 males 1:100,000,000 females XhXh XhXh Y XHXH Y Y XhXh XHXH XhXh XhXh XhXh XHXH

Sex-Linked Traits in Humans Hemophilia: 1:10,000 males 1:100,000,000 females XhXh XhXh Y XHXH Y Y XhXh XHXH XhXh XhXh XhXh XHXH

Sex-Linked Traits in Humans Hemophilia: 1:10,000 males 1:100,000,000 females XhXh XhXh Y XhXh Y Y XhXh XhXh XhXh XhXh XhXh XhXh

Changes in Chromosome Numbers in Humans Meiosis, Anaphase (normal)

Changes in Chromosome Numbers in Humans Fertilization Normal

Changes in Chromosome Numbers in Humans Meiosis, Anaphase Down Syndrome: Trisomy 21

Changes in Chromosome Numbers in Humans Fertilization

Changes in Chromosome Numbers in Humans Fertilization

Abnormal Number of Sex Chromosomes

Sex Determination 22 Pairs of Homologous Chromosomes: Autosomes X XX Y X XX YX Y Result of Non-disjunction X X

Trisomy(21)Down Syndrome Monosomy:Turner Syndrome Hexapoid:Wheat Trisomy(13)Patau’s Syndrome Triploid:Apples Polyploid:chrysanthamums

Tool of Genetics Punnett Square Pedigree Karotype DNA Fingerprinting

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