1. The Quick and Dirty Genetics Review

2. Meiosis Forms sex cells called gametes
End with 4 haploid (only 23 chromosomes) cells that are not identical.
Separates genes so only one allele gets passed on to offspring.
Non-disjunction: chromosomes fail to separate.
Offspring end up with more/less chromosomes.
Nondisjunction causes genetics disorders like Down Syndrome (trisomy 21), Turners Syndrome (X), and Klinefelters (XXY)

3. Mendelian Genetics
Gregor Mendel studied inheritance patterns in pea plants.
Major conclusion:
Parents pass on traits to offspring.
Only one copy gets passed on.
The one the gets passed on is random.
There are dominant and recessive genes.

4. Genetic Terms Allele- Variation of a trait.
Homozygous: Having two of the same alleles (TT,tt).
Heterozygous: Having two different alleles for traits (Tt).
Punnett Squares show genetic probabilities.

5. Non-Mendelian Genetics
We find that not everything follows Mendels rules:
Sex-linked traits: traits that are carried on X and Y chromosomes.
Males have XY and females have XX.
Colorblindness is found on X chromosome so females are less likely to have it.
Codominance: In a heterozygous, both traits get displayed.
Example: Blood Type
iAiB= AB Blood
Incomplete Dominance: Hybrid has a blended phenotype.
Red flower X White Flower= Pink Flowers

6. Human Karyotypes Karyotypes can show: Normal has 46
Gender
Abnormalities in chromosome (extra/missing/broken)
Normal has 46
Arranged large -> small with sex chromosomes at the end.

7. Pedigrees
Sex-linked traits typically affect males, females are mostly carriers.
Dominant traits are found more often in the family. If a kid has it, then a parent must have it.
Recessive traits are less found. Two parents may not have the trait but have kids that do.
-Track a single trait through a family.
-Can determine if trait is dominant, recessive, or sex-linked.

8. Genetic Engineering
The Human Genome Project allowed us to sequence the entire human genome.
Know where to look for certain genes.
Possibility to fix/change/swap genes.
Pros:
Fix genetics disorders.
Screen for diseases.
Create more desirable traits (pesticide resist tomato plants).
Cons:
Unknown consequences of unnaturally hybridizing (combining) genes.
Morality?
Cost?