1. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Bell Work

2. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Bell Work

3. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Chapter 12 Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics

4. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Two copies of each autosomal gene affect phenotype. Mendel studied autosomal gene traits, like hair texture.

5. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Mendel’s rules of inheritance apply to autosomal genetic disorders. –A heterozygote for a recessive disorder is a carrier. –Disorders caused by dominant alleles are uncommon. (dominant)

6. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Males and females can differ in sex-linked traits. Genes on sex chromosomes are called sex-linked genes. –Y chromosome genes in mammals are responsible for male characteristics. –X chromosome genes in mammals affect many traits.

7. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Male mammals have an XY genotype. –All of a male’s sex- linked genes are expressed. –Males have no second copies of sex-linked genes.

8. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Eye color in fruit flies is sex-linked (also called X-linked) R – dominant allele for red eyes r – mutant and recessive allele for white eyes What are the probabilities for offspring phenotypes?

9. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Practice

10. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees

11. Practice

12. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees A pedigree is a chart for tracing genes in a family. Phenotypes are used to infer genotypes on a pedigree. Autosomal genes show different patterns on a pedigree than sex-linked genes.

13. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Pedigrees Identify males Identify females Identify “affected” individuals Identify “carriers” What is a carrier? Heterozygous not always marked

14. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees

15. If the phenotype is more common in males, the gene is likely sex-linked.

16. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Inheritance patterns Simple dominance (dominant)

17. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Phenotype can depend on interactions of alleles. In incomplete dominance, neither allele is completely dominant nor completely recessive. –Heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

18. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Codominant alleles will both be completely expressed. –Codominant alleles are neither dominant nor recessive.

19. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees What is it? Regular dominance, Incomplete dominance or Codominance?

20. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Alleles also written with superscripts Many genes have more than two alleles.

21. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees

22. Color vision is an X-linked and colorblindness is recessive

23. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees Complex Inheritance Multiple Alleles The ABO blood group is an example of a single gene with multiple alleles in humans. Blood types: A, B, AB, and O Gene I has three alleles: I A, I B and i A and B are codominant; while the i allele is recessive.

24. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees

25. Many genes may interact to produce one trait. Polygenic traits are produced by two or more genes. Order of dominance: brown > green > blue.

26. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees An epistatic gene can interfere with other genes.

27. 7.4 Human Genetics and Pedigrees The environment interacts with genotype. Height is an example of a phenotype strongly affected by the environment. The sex of sea turtles depends on both genes and the environment Phenotype is a combination of genotype and environment.