Three Sections of the Cell Cell = Basic unit of life All cells take in food, rid waste, reproduce 3 main sections 1) Nucleus 2) Cytoplasm 3) Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm Jelly-like material inside of the cell Continuously in motion Most organelles float within Job: Allow chemical reactions to take place

Plasma Membrane Aka: Cell Membrane Job: Allow materials to enter/exit Composition: Lipids & proteins Semi-Permeable: only some materials may enter and exit Through pores Through protein channels (animation)

Nucleus Job: Controls cell activity Where DNA is made & stored DNA holds info to make proteins Inside: 1) Chromatin: long strands of DNA 2) Nucleolus: makes ribosomes

Endoplasmic Reticulum Aka: ER Rough ER: Tunnel system that transports ribosomes and proteins Smooth ER: makes fats & breaks down toxins (no ribosomes)

Ribosomes Created by nucleolus Transported by the rough ER Some attached to ER… some free-floating Transported by the rough ER Job: make proteins

Golgi Apparatus Job: Package and transport proteins out of the cell Protein Creation Process Review 1) Chromatin (DNA) hold instructions for making proteins 2) Nucleolus makes a ribosome 3) Ribosome makes protein & travels through rough ER 4) Golgi Body packages the protein into a vesicle and exports them

Golgi Body in action

Mitochondria Powerhouse: Releases energy to the cell Job: Create ATP (energy molecule used by cells) in a process called cellular respiration Why more abundant in muscle cells? Endosymbiosis theory: Once free living organisms Evidence: Own DNA, own ribosomes, make proteins, replicate

Lysosome Contain digestive enzymes Functions: 1) Break down food 2) Kill bacteria 3) Autolysis: Destroy dying cell

Cilia & Flagella Made of protein Used in locomotion Cilia = short hair like extensions (numerous) Flagella = long whip-like extension (very few)

That one magical night!

Vacuole Job: Stores food, water, waste, color pigments Job: add support Swells & shrinks with H2O supply Plant cells: Large central vacuole (as pictured) Animal cells: Scattered smaller vacuoles

Cell Wall Outermost layer of plant, fungi, & bacteria cells Job: Adds support to growing plants Made of tough cellulose Hard to digest Witnessed by Robert Hooke in 1665

Chloroplast Job: Perform photosynthesis (plants) CO2 + H20 + sunlight  Sugar + O2 Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight & converts it into glucose (sugar) Endosymbiosis theory: Once free-living organisms Evidence: Own DNA, own ribosomes, make proteins, replicate

Kobe Kuiz Pick an organelle…any organelle. Describe its function. Name 7 organelles that can be found within the cytoplasm. Describe the pathway that proteins travel from creation to exportation. List various reasons to help support the theory of endosymbiosis. Name two organelles that plant cells have an animal cells do not. Which organelle creates ATP energy for cells? Which organelle converts sunlight into sugar? Which organelle creates ribosomes? Which organelle fuses with the cell membrane to release proteins? Which molecule holds the information to make a protein?