Monday March 25th, 2019 DO NOW STANDARD

Theory of Evolution Evidence of Evolution EQ: How is the scientific theory of evolution supported by different disciplines?  

Standard SC.912.L.15.1 Explain how the scientific theory of evolution is supported by the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observed evolutionary change.  Objectives Identify evidence and explain how the fossil record, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, biogeography, molecular biology, and observed evolutionary change support the scientific theory of evolution.  Explain the development of a theory.  Describe why the genetic code is universal.  

Theory vs Law Law Theory Describes what is happening an explanation as to why something happens Highly supported by evidence but NOT proven to be true Describes what is happening Proven to be true

Identify the pieces of evidence to support evolution

All living things are related. Theory of Evolution All living things are related. Idea supported by scientific evidence (but no concrete experiments) over a long period of time Change in a species is due to mutation/genetic variation that occurs over a long time Over time, certain variations make up most of a population & they may be different from their ancestors

Evidence supporting evolution 1. Fossil record shows change over time 2. Anatomical record comparing body structures homology & vestigial structures embryology & development 3. Molecular record comparing protein & DNA sequences 4. Biogeography Where organisms are located Evidence supporting evolution

1. Fossil record Layers of rock contain fossils new layers cover older ones creates a record over time fossils show a series of organisms have lived on Earth over a long period of time Species currently on earth share similarities with ancient species Evidence that living things have changed over time.

2. Anatomical record Many animals have different structures on the surface (outward appearance) But when you look under the skin…. It tells an evolutionary story of possible common ancestors. Homologous structures Vestigial Organs Embryology (comparing embryos)

Homologous structures Structures that come from the same origin homo- = same -logous = information Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats same structure on the inside same development in embryo different functions on the outside evidence of common ancestor

How could these very different animals have the same bones? Compare the bones The same bones under the skin limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones How could these very different animals have the same bones?

But don’t be fooled by these… Analogous structures look similar on the outside same function different structure & development on the inside no evolutionary relationship different origin Does NOT show common ancestry How is a bird like a bug? Solving a similar problem with a similar solution

Analogous structures Example: Dolphins: aquatic mammal Fish: aquatic vertebrate both adapted to life in the sea not closely related

Because they used to walk on land! Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures? Vestigial organs A body structure that has no function in a present-day organism but was probably useful to an ancestor. This shows a change over time Because they used to walk on land!

Comparative embryology Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story Similar embryo development may suggest a common ancestor all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

Comparing Embryos Embryo: the earliest stage of growth and development of both plants and animals Vertebrate embryos exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development but become totally different structures in the adult forms.

3. Molecular record Comparing DNA & protein structure compare common genes compare common proteins Comparing DNA & protein structure How can we do this??? Central Dogma All living organisms uses the same genetic code! DNA Universal genetic code (A – T C – G) Protein synthesis Having DNA bases and amino acids in common show a relationship 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Lamprey Frog Bird Dog Macaque Human 32 8 45 67 125 number of amino acids different from human hemoglobin

Who is more closely related to humans? Why? 3. Molecular record Who is more closely related to humans? Why? Support your answer.

4. Biogeography The study of the geographic distribution of species Some plants and animals have similar appearances but are only distantly related. Pangaea: Supercontinent that existed 300 million years ago. The distribution of fossils across the continents is one line of evidence pointing to the existence of Pangaea

4. Biogeography Similar animals are found in different locations around the world. Animals ended up evolving similar features for their environment They look the same but live in different areas

Australian Marsupials Parallel Evolution Niche Placental Mammals Australian Marsupials Burrower Mole Anteater Mouse Lemur Flying squirrel Ocelot Wolf Tasmanian “wolf” Tasmanian cat Sugar glider Spotted cuscus Numbat Marsupial mole Marsupial mouse Nocturnal insectivore Climber Glider Stalking predator Chasing not closely related Independent evolution  of similar traits Organisms have a similar ancestral condition. Species respond to similar challenges in a similar way. Filling similar roles in nature so the organism have similar adaptations. marsupial mammal placental

Parallel types across continents Niche Placental Mammals Australian Marsupials Burrower Mole Anteater Mouse Lemur Flying squirrel Ocelot Wolf Tasmanian “wolf” Tasmanian cat Sugar glider Spotted cuscus Numbat Marsupial mole Marsupial mouse Nocturnal insectivore Climber Glider Stalking predator Chasing

Building “family” trees We use this information to show evolutionary relationships. Closely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor

How is the malaria trait Evidence of Evolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fN7rOwDyMQ

Any Questions?? 2006-2007

Exit Ticket

Finches (a species of birds) on certain Galapagos islands live in different environments and have beaks of different sizes and shapes. On one island, large seeds are produced by the tree Tirue. This island contains finches with bigger beak sizes. While another island produces smaller seeds and contains smaller beaked finches. Which of the following statements best explains how these two types of birds could have evolved from a common ancestor? Depending on the environment, different beak sizes are favored for survival. Individual finches changed their feather color to escape their predators. The immigration of finches interrupted gene sequencing patterns in their DNA The original population rebelled and slowly kicked out small beaked finches  

How does comparing the skeletons of these animals provide support for the scientific theory of evolution? It shows possible chromosomal similarities between organisms It provides information about the organisms’ habitats. It shows these three organisms might display familiar ancestry It provides information to determine the organisms’ ages.

A. It provides information about the organisms' habitats. The scientific theory of evolution is supported by different types of evidence. The diagrams show the skeletons of two different animal species. How does comparing the skeletons of these animals provide support for the scientific theory of evolution? A. It provides information about the organisms' habitats. B. It shows possible common ancestry between organisms. C. It provides information to determine the organisms' ages. D. It shows possible chromosomal similarities between organisms

Which of the following can be determined by observing the embryos shown in the diagram?  A. The organisms share a common ancestry. B. The organisms belong to the same genus. C. The organisms are native to the same geographic areas. D. The organisms will grow into anatomically similar adults.