1. Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection
Hunting for evolution clues… Elementary, my dear, Darwin!

2. Evidence supporting evolution
Fossil record
shows change over time
Anatomical record
comparing body structures
homology & vestigial structures
embryology & development
Molecular record
comparing protein & DNA sequences
Selective Breeding
human caused evolution

3. 1. Fossil record Layers of rock contain fossils
new layers cover older ones
creates a record over time
fossils show a series of organisms have lived on Earth
over a long period of time

4. Life on Earth has changed
Fossils tell a story…
the Earth is old
Life is old
Life on Earth has changed

5. Evolution of birds Today’s organisms descended from ancestral species
Fossil of Archaeopteryx
lived about 150 mya
links reptiles & birds
The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx (Alonso et al. 2004) - Archaeopteryx, the earliest known flying bird from the Late Jurassic period, exhibits many shared primitive characters with more basal coelurosaurian dinosaurs (the clade including all theropods more bird-like than Allosaurus), such as teeth, a long bony tail and pinnate feathers. However, Archaeopteryx possessed asymmetrical flight feathers on its wings and tail, together with a wing feather arrangement shared with modern birds. This suggests some degree of powered flight capability but, until now, little was understood about the extent to which its brain and special senses were adapted for flight. Alonso et al. (2004) investigated this problem by computed tomography scanning and three-dimensional reconstruction of the braincase of the London specimen of Archaeopteryx. A reconstruction of the braincase and endocasts of the brain and inner ear suggest that Archaeopteryx closely resembled modern birds in the dominance of the sense of vision and in the possession of expanded auditory and spatial sensory perception in the ear. Alonso et al. (2004) concluded that Archaeopteryx had acquired the derived neurological and structural adaptations necessary for flight. An enlarged forebrain suggests that it had also developed enhanced somatosensory integration with these special senses demanded by a lifestyle involving flying ability.

6. 3. Anatomical record Animals with different structures on the surface
But when you look under the skin…
It tells an evolutionary story of common ancestors

7. How could these very different animals have the same bones?
Compare the bones
The same bones under the skin
limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones
How could these very different animals have the same bones?

8. Homologous structures
Structures that come from the same origin
homo- = same
-logous = information
Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats
same structure
on the inside
same development in embryo
different functions
on the outside
evidence of common ancestor

9. But don’t be fooled by these…
Analogous structures
look similar
on the outside
same function
different structure & development
on the inside
different origin
no evolutionary relationship
How is a bird like a bug?
Solving a similar problem with a similar solution

10. Analogous structures Dolphins: aquatic mammal Fish: aquatic vertebrate
both adapted to life in the sea
not closely related
Watch the tail!

11. Because their ancestors used to walk on land!
Vestigial organs
Hind leg bones on whale fossils
Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?
Because their ancestors used to walk on land!

12. Comparative embryology
Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story
similar structures during development
all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

13. 3. Molecular record Comparing DNA & protein structure
everyone uses the same genetic code!
DNA 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
110
120
Lamprey
Frog
Bird
Dog
Macaque
Human 32 8 45 67
125
compare common genes
compare common proteins
number of amino acids different from human hemoglobin

14. Building “family” trees
Closely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor

15. “descendants” of wild mustard
4. Selective Breeding
How do we know natural selection can change a population?
we can recreate a similar process
“evolution by human selection”
“descendants” of wild mustard

16. “descendants” of the wolf
Selective Breeding
Humans create the change over time
“descendants” of the wolf

17. I liked breeding pigeons!
Artificial Selection
…and the examples keep coming!
I liked breeding pigeons!

18. Artificial Selection gone bad!
Unexpected consequences of artificial selection
Pesticide resistance
Antibiotic resistance

19. Insecticide resistance
Spray the field, but…
insecticide didn’t kill all individuals
variation
resistant survivors reproduce
resistance is inherited
insecticide becomes less & less effective
The evolution of resistance to insecticides in hundreds of insect species is a classic example of natural selection in action.
The results of application of new insecticide are typically encouraging, killing 99% of the insects.
However, the effectiveness of the insecticide becomes less effective in subsequent applications. The few survivors from the early applications of the insecticide are those insects with genes that enable them to resist the chemical attack. Only these resistant individuals reproduce, passing on their resistance to their offspring. In each generation the % of insecticide-resistant individuals increases.

21. Any Questions??

22. Natural Selection of Strawfish
How does natural selection affect genes?
How do genes affect evolution?

23. 1. No Predator Preferences
FISH
ALLELES
blue
green
yellow
Gen. 1
25%
50%
Gen. 4
27%
55%
18%
45%
No selection force in one specific direction.
No clear pattern of change.

24. 2. Predator Prefers BLUE 25% 50% 13% 37% 38% 62%
FISH
ALLELES
blue
green
yellow
Gen. 1
25%
50%
Gen. 4
13%
37%
38%
62%
Selection against blue.
Fewer blue fish and fewer blue alleles.

25. 3. Predator Prefers GREEN
FISH
ALLELES
blue
green
yellow
Gen. 1
25%
50%
Gen. 4
36%
28%
Selection against green.
Fewer green fish but same variation in alleles.

26. 4. GREEN is Camouflaged 25% 50% 20% 60%
FISH
ALLELES
blue
green
yellow
Gen. 1
25%
50%
Gen. 4
20%
60%
Selection against blue & yellow.
More green fish but same variation in alleles.

27. Australian Marsupials
Parallel Evolution
Niche
Placental Mammals
Australian Marsupials
Burrower
Mole
Anteater
Mouse
Lemur
Flying
squirrel
Ocelot
Wolf
Tasmanian “wolf”
Tasmanian cat
Sugar glider
Spotted cuscus
Numbat
Marsupial mole
Marsupial mouse
Nocturnal
insectivore
Climber
Glider
Stalking
predator
Chasing
not closely related
marsupial
mammal
placental
filling similar roles in nature, so have similar adaptations

28. Vestigial organs Structures on modern animals that have no function
remains of structures that were functional in ancestors
evidence of change over time
some snakes & whales have pelvis bones & leg bones of walking ancestors
eyes on blind cave fish
human tail bone

29. Biogeography
Biogeography is the study of where organisms live now and where they and their ancestors lived in the past.
Two biogeographical patterns are significant to Darwin’s theory.
The first is a pattern in which closely related species differentiate in slightly different climates.
The second is a pattern in which very distantly related species develop similarities in similar environments.

30. Closely Related but Different
To Darwin, the biogeography of Galápagos species suggested that populations on the island had evolved from mainland species.
Over time, natural selection on the islands produced variations among populations that resulted in different, but closely related, island species.
For example, natural selection produced variation in shell shape among the giant land tortoises that inhabit the islands.

31. Distantly Related but Similar
On the other hand, similar habitats around the world are often home to animals and plants that are only distantly related.
Darwin noted that similar ground-dwelling birds (rheas, ostriches, and emus) inhabit similar grasslands in Europe, Australia, and Africa.
Differences in body structures among those animals provide evidence that they evolved from different ancestors.
Similarities among those animals, however, provide evidence that similar selection pressures had caused distantly-related species to develop similar adaptations.