2. Regents Biology 2006-2007 Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection

3. Regents Biology What is evolution?  Evolution is the gradual change in a species over time.

4. Regents Biology A theory is a ____________, _______, explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world, like the theory of __________________, ________, and _____________. well-supportedtestable gravitational attraction cell theory atomic theory Isn’t evolution just a theory? http://www.avgoe.de/StarChild/DOCS/STARCH00/questions/apple_falling.gifhttp://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/chemistry/atomic_structure2/atom.gif

5. Regents Biology Evidence supporting evolution  Fossil record  Anatomical record  Molecular record

6. Regents Biology 1. Fossil record Fossils show a series of organisms have lived on Earth over a long period of time

7. Regents Biology Fossils tell a story… the Earth is old Life is old Life on Earth has changed

8. Regents Biology Fossil of Archaeopteryx  lived about 150 mya  links reptiles & birds Today’s organisms descended from ancestral species Evolution of birds

9. Regents Biology Land Mammal ? ? ? ? Where are the intermediate fossils? Ocean Mammal Someone’s idea of a joke! But the joke’s on them!! Complete series of transitional fossils We found the fossil !

10. Regents Biology 2. Anatomical record Animals with different structures on the surface But when you look under the skin… It tells an evolutionary story of common ancestors

11. Regents Biology Compare the bones  The same bones under the skin  limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones How could these very different animals have the same bones?

12. Regents Biology Homologous structures  Structures that come from the same origin  homo- = same  -logous = information  Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats  same structure  on the inside  different functions  on the outside  evidence of common ancestor

13. Regents Biology Vestigial organs  Hind leg bones on whale fossils Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures? Because they used to walk on land!

14. Regents Biology Vestigial organs  Structures on modern animals that have no function  remains of structures that were functional in ancestors  evidence of change over time  some snakes & whales have pelvis bones & leg bones of walking ancestors  eyes on blind cave fish  human tail bone

15. Regents Biology Comparative embryology  Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story  similar structures during development all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

16. Regents Biology 3. Molecular record 1002030405060708090100110120 LampreyFrogBird Dog MacaqueHuman 32845 67 125  Comparing DNA & protein structure  everyone uses the same genetic code (DNA)!  compare common genes  compare common proteins  compare common genes  compare common proteins

17. Regents Biology Building “family” trees Closely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor

18. Regents Biology Rate Yourself  4 Apply concepts of natural selection and evolution by creating a scenario that demonstrates the ideas  3 Explain how natural selection leads to evolution.  2 Describe how the evidence supports evolution.  1 Identify evidence for evolution.