Trans-Oceanic Empire Building Over time, European colonialism shifted from trade-based port cities to full-scale takeovers of cultural and political life, as non-industrialized areas became colonies of imperialist European nations.

Industrialization = Power! Goods are made more quickly Militaries are made more powerful Fossil fuels unleash a huge amount of productive capacity Countries & empires that didn’t industrialize found themselves weak and shocked by the huge shift in power

Causes of European Empire Building After 1750 Industrialization in Europe drove increasing demand for raw materials Europe began importing more raw materials and exporting more manufactured goods (a reversal of how it was in previous time periods!) Europe eventually tried to gain colonies to extract other global areas’ raw materials They moved from having little trading port colonies to conquering full-fledged empires

Reactions to European Empire Building After 1750 Some nations began to industrialize on their own (USA, Russia, Germany, Japan) - - their governments helped support this effort (industrialization was state-sponsored) Some countries were too slow to industrialize and got taken over by Europe. Europe’s industrial revolution had made them so powerful, they could easily beat militaries that, 100 years before, could have taken them on and won (like China’s)

Why Important? Nations like Britain and the Dutch moved form controlling small coastal trading cities (British in India, Dutch in Indonesia) and now took full political control of these areas

British Imperialism in India India: From trading colony to “Jewel in the British Empire’s Crown”

Decline of Mughal India after 1750 Decentralized states controlled by Nawabs ruled Technically, these nawabs owed allegiance to Mughals British East India Company made agreements with nawabs. Brits supported nawabs’ rule & got trade and land taxes in return Nawab = local prince

Stage One: East India Company Rule (1818-1857) EIC = a joint-stock company focused on looking for trade & protected by the British government EIC collected taxes, made reforms (eg: outlawing sati) Depended on nawabs & Sepoys for support & had to respect Indian customs Sepoy – an Indian (Hindu or Muslim) recruited & serving as an EIC soldier

Sepoy Rebellion 1857 Beef & pork fat issue Real issue was racism/British superiority complex Sepoy soldiers rebelled against bad treatment by British foreigners Rebellion was put down very violently on both sides

British Colonial Rule (1857-1947) British government took control (to keep cotton & opium raw materials) Queen Victoria of Britain became Empress of India India = main source of cotton for English textile mills Finished goods were resold in India Destroyed local hand-made industries

The Good and the Bad Britain made worse- Britain improved- Self-determination Ignored Habits/customs racism Economic exploitation Britain improved- Hospitals Transportation (railroads, etc.) Communication Education Laws & safety Women’s status a bit

Rising Nationalism Nationalism – feeling of identity within a common group of people (the “nation”) British used Indirect Rule Middle class of Indian officials began to rise New Indian bureaucracy took in western political values from the Enlightenment (liberty, equality, justice) Rammouhan Roy – advocated unity for Indians w/ Indian National Congress (from 1880s) (mainly Hindu; upper class movement) Lacked support of the average, uneducated Indian