Psychopathology Definition: “Patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are maladaptive, disruptive, or uncomfortable for those who are affected…”

Brief History of Mental Illness Demons & evil spirits invaded the body Treatments included trephination, exorcism, etc. Ancient Perspectives Start clip @ 45 sec.

Brief History of Mental Illness Explains mental illness in terms of disturbances in anatomy & chemistry of the brain Hippocrates & humors (fluids) of the body Specialized hospitals established for the “insane” Medical Model

Explaining Mental Illness: Statistical Infrequency Use of statistical infrequency. What do most people do? High IQs as an example Cannot be used as a single measure as some infrequent behaviors may be valued.

Explaining Mental Illness: Social Norm Violation Cultural rules of right and wrong behavior. Bizarre/unusual/disturbing to a culture would be a violation and “abnormal” Criminal behavior or Odd interests Cannot be used as a single measure as some violations are simply illegal or eccentric.

Explaining Mental Illness: Personal Suffering Problems are severe enough to require treatment. Cannot be used as a single measure as some people are distressed over events/issues not considered mental disorders Death in the family

Young schizophrenic at her mind's mercy.mp4 Statistical Infrequency Social Norm Violation Personal Suffering Identify one example for each criteria in the case of Jani. Young schizophrenic at her mind's mercy.mp4

Diagnostic Labels "A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress in social, occupational, or other important activities. An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a mental disorder. Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict results from a dysfunction in the individual, as described above.“ (American Psychiatric Association, p. 20) DSM 5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Tool containing criteria for diagnosis of mental disorders. Note: the term “insanity” is not used in the psychological context. It is strictly used in the legal context.

Explaining Mental Illness Today: Biopsychosocial Model

Schizophrenia Disorder Definition: Major Category (DSM): “Severe and disabling pattern of disturbed thinking, emotion, perception and behavior.” Disorder Definition: Schizophrenia Spectrum Major Category (DSM):

Symptoms of Schizophrenia Undesirable additions to a person’s behavior Hallucinations Delusions Disorganized speech Movement disorders Positive Symptoms Absence of pleasure (socially withdrawn) Lack of speech & motivation Flat affect (emotion) Negative Symptoms Identify Symptoms in Gerald case study Catatonia For diagnosis, symptoms must have been present for six months & include at least one month of active symptoms.

Possible Causes (Etiology) of Schizophrenia Likelihood of someone suffering from schizophrenia is 50% if their identical twin has the disorder. Biological Factors Quads who all developed schizophrenia but with different levels of severity. The most severe cases (older two) were abused by their father and step-father. 0 10 20 30 40 50 Identical Both parents Fraternal One parent Sibling Nephew or niece Unrelated Genain Quadruplets

Possible Causes (Etiology) of Schizophrenia Abnormal levels of dopamine and/or function of dopamine transmitter systems. Brain Chemistry MRI’s show enlarged ventricles in schizophrenic twin (to the right). Brain Structure & Morphology

Possible Causes (Etiology) of Schizophrenia Learned maladaptive behavior Disturbed family communication Continuous environmental triggers High emotion levels, anxiety, judgement, pressure. Psychological & Sociocultural Factors These factors alone are not enough to CAUSE schizophrenia; there must be a predisposition. This combination of genetic predisposition & stress factors is known as the Diathesis-Stress Model.

Treatment for Schizophrenia Typical: Reduce positive symptoms (Thorazine, Haldol) Atypical: Reduce positive and negative symptoms (Abilify) Antipsychotic Medications Coping strategies for daily challenges (social interactions, etc) Psychosocial Learn how to test the reality of thoughts & perceptions Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) Typical: Tardive dyskenisia side effect Atypical: reduce psychotic symptoms also help with despression

TED Talk: Elyn Saks- “A Tale of Mental Illness…” Identify SPECIFIC schizophrenic symptoms Saks experienced. Explain the treatment Saks received. Which treatments were more effective in her experience?