PLATO ( BCE) Student of Socrates Author of Dialogues

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Presentation transcript:

PLATO (427-347 BCE) Student of Socrates Author of Dialogues Teacher of Aristotle Founder of 1st university, Academy Theories of the Forms, the Soul, Love, Justice

Plato’s Phaedo Socrates & companions, last day of his life Literature, not history 3 themes: Meaning of Socratic life Nature/immortality of the soul Doctrine of Forms (Ideas) Socratic existence  Platonic metaphysics

Structure of the Phaedo Part I: philosophical life Preface 57a-59d: settings/frame Prologue 59d-69e: art of dying Part II: Immortality + the Forms Initial logoi –3 proofs + mythos (70a-84b) INTERLUDE 84c-91c Final logoi/mythos Reply to Simmias Autobiography Final argument Mythos 107c-115a Part III: Epilogue 115a-118a: death

Exploratory Discussions Setting 57a-63e Frame/Pythagoreans, myth of Theseus 57a f. 2nd “Trial”: Is there reason for hope? 63c Q’s re: philosophy & living/dying 63e-70a What is “death”? 64c vs. 67cd vs. 70a; Is there an art of living/dying? An art of moral life? 64c-65a’ An art of intellectual life? 65b-67b “ Note: body” = cause of war, 66b-67b; common honor-based vs. philosophical morality 67b-69b Mythos and logos in the dialogue Can the soul live without mythos?

2 basic philosophical questions What is the relationship of the soul to the body? Materialism: Soul depends on or reduces to body Dualism Soul is a separate reality from the body [Pythagoreans] Personalism Soul is distinct from body but depends on it What is the relationship of thought to the world? Empiricism/perceptibles: Concepts and language depend on/reduce to sense-data/percepts Platonic Rationalism/”Forms” Concepts and language organize/inform sense-experience and transcend it

Socratic Existence/Ethics: the Examined Life in 2 dimensions Socratic intellectual conscience, rationalism Knowledge of ignorance: quest for ethical knowledge (Apol. 21a f.) Ethical self-knowledge: recognizes his own principles, can defend them (Apol. 28b f., Crito) Virtues of Intellect Socratic moral conscience, idealism Willing to act on his own principles (Crito) Basic principles: Never do wrong Good = virtue and truth/education, vs. wealth and status (Apol. 28b f., Gorgias) Virtues of Character

Prologos: philosophy = art of living/dying 2 Challenges (63be): Disprove it is irrational to be a ‘theist’ re: the human soul, i.e. immortality not impossible Prove it is rational to be a ‘theist’ re: the human soul i.e. good reasons it is Socrates answers: The human soul has properties that transcend the physical world: Virtues of Character 64c-65a Knowledge of the Forms 65a-66b These  possible ‘immortality’* 66b-67e *note 2 defns of death/dying 64c, 67d

What is the art of dying? Dying1 = physical Dying2 = “catharsis” Moral detachment from worldly desires Intellectual detachment from empiricism = Socratic art of the examined life

Phaedo and Stoic Art of Living Ascetic life-style and Moral Virtue ‘Reason’ and Intellectual Virtue Dying = katharsis and “detachment” from passions for worldly goods Negative Visualization Trichotomizing Internalizing Role of Critical Reason/reflection in “a good life”