1. Chapter 9
Dualism

2. Metaphysical Dualism
A metaphysical dualist believes that reality is made of up of two kinds of things:
That cannot be fully reduced to one another
Mind–body dualism is the theory that a human person is a composite of:
An immaterial mind and a material body, each of which can exist without the other
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3. Plato: The Immortality of the Soul
What kind of thing is liable to suffer dispersion
And for what kind of thing have we to fear dispersion?
What always remains in the same state and unchanging is:
Most likely to be uncompounded
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4. Plato: The Immortality of the Soul
And what is always changing and never the same is most likely to be compounded
Do you not think that the divine naturally rules and has authority
And that the mortal naturally is ruled and is a slave?
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5. Degrees of Reality Plato’s belief that there are degrees of reality
Physical objects; Forms
For each of the degrees of reality, and its corresponding degree of knowledge:
Plato used a specific term
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6. Degrees of Reality
Plato (428/7-348/7 b.c.e.) born in Athens, Plato became a student of Socrates
Mentioned in the Apology as being present at his trial
Plato traveled outside of Greece but returned eventually to Athens:
Where he founded the Academy: 388/7 b.c.e.
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7. Plato: The Divided Line
The visible and the intelligible
A line divided into two unequal parts,
And then divide the two parts again in the same ratio to represent:
The visible and intelligible orders
The capacity for knowledge is innate in each man’s mind
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8. Knowledge Is Knowledge of Forms
What is justice?
Unless we know what justice is:
How will we ever be able to manifest it in human affairs?
The same thing holds for such Ideas as excellence or virtue, piety, and so on
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9. The Allegory of the Cave
We get Plato’s view of the difference between those who claim knowledge:
But only know the particular things of sense experience
And those whose knowledge is of universal principles
Several levels of meaning
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10. The Form of the Good
The Good looms large in Plato’s theory of knowledge:
But he never really tells us what the Good is
The closest he comes to a definition is a simile:
The Good is to knowing as the sun is to seeing
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