Kingdom Animalia

But first… A little Review! For you!

Taxonomic hierarchy Names organisms and their relationships from very broad to very specific

All organisms are classified in a hierarchy Domain (broadest) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (most specific) Only 3 domains Only 6 kingdoms

The Three Domains of Life

Bacteria vs Archaea

The 6 kingdoms of Life

The 6 kingdoms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Archaebacteria (archaea) Eubacteria (bacteria) Eukaryotes Fungi Protista Animalia Plantae

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Archaebacteria Unicellular Live in extreme environments Prokaryotic Eubacteria “Common bacteria”

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Protista Eukaryotic Unicellular or colonial Lots of different life styles Fungi Cell walls made of chitin Multicellular External heterotrophs

Overview of the 6 kingdoms Plantae Eukaryotic & Multicellular Cell walls made of cellulose Autotrophic Animalia No cell walls Internal heterotrophs

Naming Activity: Look up the classification for humans for all eight hierarchies and write them down!

Read the chapter

Eukaryotes: Protista Eukaryotes: organisms with complex cells with nuclei. Protists (single celled, nuclei) Animal-like protists divided on the basis of locomotion and morphology Amoebas Change shape Flagellates Flagellum for locomotion Ciliate Cilia for locomotion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA Amoeba in motion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA Flagellates https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vz-vqIHF1W0 Ciliates https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA Amoeba in motion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7pR7TNzJ_pA Flagellates https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vz-vqIHF1W0 Ciliates

Protista Unicellular algae Originated in the Mesozoic Era Plant-like protists Dinoflagellates Diatoms: chert Calcareous nannoplankton: chalk Originated in the Mesozoic Era Important marine producers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HXXQBz6Vv0 bioluminescence 3:56 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HXXQBz6Vv0 bioluminescence 3:56

Protista Protozoans with skeletons Foraminifera (“forams”) Chambered skeleton of calcium carbonate Very abundant Useful for dating rocks and sediments Why? They are good index fossils. Planktonic, over 250,000 species, distinct ranges

Protista Protozoa with skeletons Radiolarians Skeleton made out of opal (SiO2): chert Related to foraminifera

Eukaryotes: Fungi Decomposers Diverse Poor fossil record Obtain nutrients from dead organisms using digestive enzymes (heterotrophs) Spore producers Diverse Yeast Mushroom Poor fossil record https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bl9aCH2QaQY Death Cap 3:56 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bl9aCH2QaQY Death Cap 3:56

Plantae First land plants in the Ordovician (490-443my) Vascular versus Non-vascular Vessels for transport of water, dissolved nutrients, food Transportation of materials by diffusion Example: Mosses

Spore Plants Ferns Devonian (417-354my) Adapted to life on land with roots and leaves Spores One set of chromosomes Fertilized by sperm Sperm migration requires moisture Vast Late Paleozoic swamps led to coal formation Origin of name “Pennsylvanian Period” after coal mines in Pennsylvania

Seed Plants Seeds enabled plants to exploit drier, non coastal habitats Gymnosperms Greek word meaning “Naked seed” plants Conifers Cone-bearing plants Eggs are fertilized in cone by pollen Pollen bears sperm; carried by wind Dominant in the Mesozoic Angiosperms Flowering plants Pollen carried by pollenators (animals) Dominant in the Cenozoic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperm http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/seedplants/seedplants.html

Animalia Two groups Vertebrates Possess a backbone Invertebrates

Animalia: Phyla Porifera—sponges Cnidaria—jellyfish, sea anemones, coral Platyhelminthes—flatworms Nematoda—roundworms Annelida—earthworms Mollusca—shelled animals Arthropoda—insects, spiders, lobsters Echinodermata—spiny-skinned (sea stars) Chordata—vertebrates (and others)

Phylum Porifera (Sponges) Asymmetrical Simple invertebrates Filter feeders Strain particles from water Mostly eat bacteria Flagella pump water through internal canals Calcium carbonate or silica spicules support structure Most primitive animal

Vid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8a0oNsDEx8 Sponges. Footage good. Narrator kind of annoying but not too bad. 9:43

Phylum Cnidaria - Jellyfish and corals ( jellyfish, anemones, hydra and corals) Radial symmetry and more complex body plan including mouth, tentacles and digestive cavity Polyp and Medusa stage

Hydra Cnidaria - Hydra

Vid https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VAp7DHut_E Cnidaria video 14:00

Phylum Platyhelminthes (planarians, tapeworms, flukes) Bilateral symmetry Cephalization - head and brain Acoelomate - no body cavity Incomplete digestive system (one opening) Some are parasites in digestive tract

Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Also called nematodes Bilateral symmetry Complete digestive system-( separate mouth and anus) Pseudocoelomate Decomposers, predators (bacteria, inverts) Eaten by insects, mice Beneficial to garden by eating insects https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZeRvFS0uxI CTV Chafer beetle 2:33 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6i-OZVSudU What is a Nematode? 8:49 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZeRvFS0uxI CTV Chafer beetle 2:33 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P6i-OZVSudU What is a Nematode? 8:49

Phylum Mollusca (shelled…sometimes) i.e. snails, slugs, clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, octopus and squid Variety in form Giant squid = sea serpent Introduction of garden snails https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKjeJlfdcBQ Shape of Life Mollusks 15:00 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wtLrlIKvJE Squid skin 3:56 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKjeJlfdcBQ Shape of Life Mollusks 15:00 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wtLrlIKvJE Squid skin 3:56

Mollusks Bivalves (Clams) Gastropods (snails) Cephalopods (octopuses) Shell of aragonite, calcite, or both All share a common body plan, though they evolved to fit different ecological niches: crawlers, filter feeders, swimmers

Mollusks Cephalopods Chambered nautilus Common in Phanerozoic Squids, octopuses, chambered nautilusses Swim in the sea Jet propulsion Eyes Carnivores Catch with tentacles Eat with strong beak Chambered nautilus Bouyancy due to gas in shell Pressure accomodated by increased surface area Common in Phanerozoic

Phylum Annelida (segmented worms) i.e. earthworms, leeches True coelom Sensitive to vibrations on ground-rain Prey for robins, shrews, jays, snakes Leeches have cornified knobs to break skin, anticoagulant and anesthetic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYS7UIUM_SQ brain into 3:13 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZHTerOJYMA Annelida 4:38 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxIBlAZmeaI This is What Happens When You Put Earthworm in Your garden soil 3:43 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9Mnf9ysNSs time lapse composting 2:19 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYS7UIUM_SQ brain into 3:13 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ZHTerOJYMA Annelida 4:38 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SxIBlAZmeaI This is What Happens When You Put Earthworm in Your garden soil 3:43 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9Mnf9ysNSs time lapse composting 2:19

Phylum Arthropoda (jointed legged animals) Insects, crabs, spiders, lobsters, trilobites Trilobite Three-lobed body Central, left-and right- lobed External skeleton Gill-like structure for respiration Legs Primitive eyes Common in Cambrian (560-490 mya) Illustrates that complex life formed early in Earth History and challenges traditional view of evolution as a move from primitive to advanced forms of life. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ivZ6GSaK1M TED ED 4:43 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2unnSK7WTE water striders 3:56 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rTEe2vS-VI spider balloon 1:22 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ivZ6GSaK1M TED ED 4:43 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2unnSK7WTE water striders 3:56 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8rTEe2vS-VI spider balloon 1:22

Phylum Arthropoda (jointed legged animals) The most diverse animal group 350,000 species of beetle alone

Echinodermata Spiny-skinned form Five-fold symmetry Starfishes Predators Lower Paleozoic Sea urchins Regular sea urchins Radially symmetrical bodies Irregular sea urchins Bilaterally symmetric Burrowers

Echinoderms Crinoids Sea lillies Sieve food using arms May swim Pass food to mouth with tube feet May swim May be attached by flexible stalk Disk-shaped plates from stalk

Phylum Chordata (includes the vertebrates) i.e. fish, sharks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Notochord, nerve cord, gill slits, tail

Chordates Notochord, Gills and Tail Notochord Flexible, rodlike structure that supports body for some part of life cycle Spinal cord Runs next to notochord

Vertebrates

Vertebrates Fishes Tetrapods: Amphibians Devonian 417 to 354 mya: Age of Fishes Jawless Fishes “Class Agnatha” Placoderms: Earliest jawed fishes. Armored plates but no teeth- sharp jaws instead. Devonian Ray-finned fishes Fins supported by thin bones radiating from body Lobe-finned fishes (sharks) Tetrapods: Amphibians Amphi meaning both, Bios meaning life 3000 living species Devonian: Ichthyostega climbs to shore in Greenland An Ichthyosaur