CRITICAL GAPS: OCEANS IN THE EARTH SYSTEM WHERE DOES ALL THE HEAT GO? WHERE DOES ALL THE CARBON GO? HOW DOES OCEAN MULTI-DECADAL VARIABILITY WORK? HOW DO UPPER OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS DELIVER SEASONAL PREDICTABILITY? CAN AN INTERACTIVE OCEAN IMPROVE WEATHER FORECASTING? HOW DO THE PHYSICAL AND LIVING OCEAN INTERACT? WHAT ARE THE IMPACTS OF POLLUTANTS AND NUTRIENTS? HOW DO COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS WORK? Advanced Observing Systems for the Deep Ocean New Sensor Technologies for Ocean Bio-Geochemistry Higher Resolution Ocean Models New Methods for Coupled Data Assimilation Targeted Modeling and Observational Campaigns