1. Ocean Sub-Surface Observing Network
XBT Used
TAO/PIRATA Used (T Used, S and U for validation)
Argo Used (T,S, Some do not use Salinity)
Altimeter Used by some (Benefit ?, Mean sea level)
SST Usually nudged – should be assimilated
SSS from Satellite – not yet good enough ?
Drifters Could be used for validation
Currents e.g. TAO used for validation
Use of observations:
Assimilation sophistication (Univariate, Multivariate, 2D,3D,4D, Coupled)
Model/forcing
Bias correction/Shock
Big problem – Non-stationarity

3. Impact of Ocean Observations

4. Simulation of El Nino
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

5. Simulation of El Nino SST ECMWF PEODAS GODAS EN3
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

6. SST HEAT CONT SSS Salt Cont Surf Current
Simulation of El Nino
SST HEAT CONT SSS Salt Cont Surf Current
ECMWF
PEODAS
GODAS
ENACT
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology
What is truth ?

7. Observations in the Tropical Indian Ocean (TRIO)
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

8. Indian Ocean Temperature Salinity Pre- Argo Argo
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

9. Salinity assimilation
Significant co-variance between T & S particularly associated with thermocline variability
This can be exploited pre Argo
Produced by
Robin Wedd
The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research A partnership between CSIRO and the Bureau of Meteorology

10. Decadal Prediction

11. Decal prediction: Other differences
Seasonal well known modes of variability (ENSO, IOD etc)
Decadal deep ocean variability in North Atlantic, but no clear modes in southern hemisphere (e.g.for Australia)
Seasonal memory for relatively well observed upper ocean
Decadal depends on less well observed deeper ocean
Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation in GFDL model
Argo is essential
Zhang et al 2007