Carbohydrates.

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Presentation transcript:

Carbohydrates

OH H HO CH2OH O Carbohydrates energy molecules

Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 Function: energy u energy storage raw materials u structural materials Monomer: sugars ex: sugars, starches, cellulose (CH2O)x C6H12O6 sugar

Sugars 6 5 3 Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) Glyceraldehyde H OH O C OH H HO CH2OH O Glucose H OH HO O Ribose CH2OH 6 5 3

Functional groups determine function carbonyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone

Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Where do you find solutions in biology? In cells! Carbons are numbered

Numbered carbons C C O C C C C energy stored in C-C bonds 5' 4' 1' 3' 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' energy stored in C-C bonds C C 3' 2'

Simple & complex sugars OH H HO CH2OH O Glucose Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides simple 1 monomer sugars glucose Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose Polysaccharides large polymers starch

Building sugars Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide H2O | glucose | glucose

Building sugars Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide H2O | glucose | fructose | sucrose (table sugar)

Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars Function: costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) in liver & muscles structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)

Linear vs. branched polysaccharides slow release starch (plant) What does branching do? energy storage glycogen (animal) fast release

Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function in starch in cellulose isomers of glucose structure determines function…

Digesting starch vs. cellulose enzyme starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme

Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose most carnivores have not that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage But it tastes like hay! Who can live on this stuff?!

Cow Gorilla can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

Helpful bacteria Caprophage Ruminants How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Caprophage I eat WHAT! Tell me about the rabbits, again, George! Ruminants