1. Carbohydrates

2. Sugars make rings in aqueous solutionsH
When sugars bond together, it happens at the 1 and 4 carbons. OH H C 6' C O 5' H H H C C 4' 1' OH OH OH H C C 3' 2' H OH

3. Simple & complex sugarsOH H HO
CH2OH O
Glucose
Simple & complex sugars
Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars
Ex. glucose, fructose
Disaccharides
2 monomers
Ex. maltose, sucrose
Polysaccharides
large polymers
Starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen

4. Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars Function: energy storage structure
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
Polysaccharides
Polymers of sugars
Function:
energy storage
starch (plants)
glycogen (animals)
in liver & muscles
structure
cellulose (plants)
chitin (arthropods & fungi)
Polysaccharides are polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides

5. Building bigger sugars
Dehydration synthesis
monosaccharides
disaccharide
H2O |
glucose |
fructose |
sucrose
(table sugar)
sucrose = table sugar

6. Digesting polysaccharides
Say you ate a potato (full of starch!).
What kind of reaction will your body carry out to digest the starch (we’ll say, 200 glucose bonded together) into monomers?
What are the reactants? What are the products?
Challenge: balance the equation!
Cross-linking between polysaccharide chains:
= rigid & hard to digest
The digestion of cellulose governs the life strategy of herbivores.
Either you do it really well and you’re a cow or an elephant (spend a long time digesting a lot of food with a little help from some microbes & have to walk around slowly for a long time carrying a lot of food in your stomach)
Or you do it inefficiently and have to supplement your diet with simple sugars, like fruit and nectar, and you’re a gorilla.
C1200H2002O H2O--> 200C6H12O6

7. Metabolism Sum of all reactions in your body
When you eat disachharides or polysaccharides, what happens?
When you have too much glucose in your blood, what happens?