1. Carbohydrates

2. Carbohydrates AKA- sugars
Atoms: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Monomers: monosaccharide
Polymer: polysaccharide
1)main source of energy for all cells
2)Materials for structural support/build bodies

3. Types of Monosaccharides
Name clue?

4. Glucose
Why glucose?

5. Alpha vs. Beta Glucose

6. Functions? Provide Energy
Broken apart and use as carbon skeletons in other macromolecules
Build disaccharides and polysaccarides

7. Types of Disaccarides

8. Sucrose
enzyme
Glycosidic
Bond
Glucose
Fructose

9. Types of Disaccarides

10. Types of Polysaccharides
STARCH
Shape: Helical/Unbranched or “mildly” branched
Made of: Alpha Glucose
Function: Store energy for plants

11. Types of Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Shape: Straight/Unbranched and can form hydrogen bonds with near by
cellulose molecules
Made of: Beta Glucose
Function: Makes cell walls

12. Polysaccharide diversity
Molecular structure determines function
in starch
in cellulose
isomers of glucose
structure determines function…

13. Digesting starch vs. cellulose
enzyme
starch easy to digest
cellulose hard to digest
Starch = all the glycosidic linkage are on same side = molecule lies flat
Cellulose = cross linking between OH (H bonds) = rigid structure
enzyme

14. Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth
herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose
most carnivores have not
that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
cellulose = undigestible roughage
Cross-linking between polysaccharide chains:
= rigid & hard to digest
The digestion of cellulose governs the life strategy of herbivores.
Either you do it really well and you’re a cow or an elephant (spend a long time digesting a lot of food with a little help from some microbes & have to walk around slowly for a long time carrying a lot of food in your stomach)
Or you do it inefficiently and have to supplement your diet with simple sugars, like fruit and nectar, and you’re a gorilla.

15. Types of Polysaccharides
Glycogen
Shape: Helical/Branched
Made of: Alpha Glucose
Function: Store energy for animals (in muscle cells
and liver)

16. How do low carb diets work?
Consider this…
Carbohydrates
Energy molecules
How do low carb diets work?