The Cold War: Two Nations Live on the Edge Chapter 26 Section 4 Objective 10.04

Objective 10.04 Elaborate on changes in the direction of foreign policy related to the beginnings of the Cold War.

Arms Race Begins during Truman’s presidency

Truman’s Election - 1948

Soviet Atomic Bomb Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949

Race for the H-Bomb H-Bomb – 67 times more powerful than bombs dropped on Japan US explodes first H-Bomb on Nov 1, 1952 Aug 1953 - Soviets

Dwight D. Eisenhower elected in 1952 Republican Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe

Brinksmanship John Foster Dulles – Sec. of State – staunchly anti-communist Willingness of U.S. (and USSR), under Eisenhower, to go to the edge of all-out war – known as brinksmanship

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Used spies to gather information abroad Carried out covert operations to weaken or overthrow gov’ts. unfriendly to the U.S.

CIA Covert Ops 1953 – CIA helps set up pro-American gov’t in Iran 1954 – CIA helps set up pro-American gov’t in Guatemala

Warsaw Pact Formed in response to NATO (1955) Soviet Union, Albania, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria

Geneva 1955 – Eisenhower meets w/ Soviet leaders “open skies” proposal Soviets reject “spirit of Geneva”

Suez War Gamal Abdel-Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Israel, British, and French sent troops UN stepped in – Egypt kept canal Soviets supported Egypt – prestige in the region rose

Eisenhower Doctrine To counterbalance Soviet support, Ike issues warning in Jan. 1957 Said that “U.S. would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country”

Hungary Anti-Soviet revolution in Hungary gets crushed – Imre Nagy Despite Truman Doctrine, US did nothing to help

Cold War hits the skies Stalin dies – 1953 Nikita Khrushchev eventually comes to power Favors communism, thinks it can triumph peacefully

Space Race Race for international prestige October 4, 1957 – Soviets launched world’s first artificial satellite Sputnik Americans begin pouring money into space race Jan. 31, 1958 – US launched its first satellite

U-2 Incident Following Geneva failure, CIA began making secret high-altitude flights over Soviet territory U-2 planes flew above radar detection Infrared cameras took pictures

End to flights? By 1960s, US officials were nervous about flights Soviets had been aware of flights for two years Eisenhower was to hold a summit w/ Khrushchev in May 1960 Authorized one last flight

Francis Gary Powers Final U-2 flight gets shot down by Soviet fighter on May 1, 1960 Soviets claimed it was shot down by a missile Summit called off Renewed tensions between the superpowers