1. Warm Up – May 1 Answer the following questions on a post it:
1. Term given to the conflict between the US and USSR between in which neither nation directly confronted the other on a battlefield
2. What were the two conflicting political ideologies of the United States and Soviet Union during the Cold War?
3. What is self-determination? How did this show that goals of the U.S. and USSR were different during the Cold War?
4. What was the name of the strategy used by the United States in regards to communism during the Cold War?
5. What was the Truman Doctrine?
6. What was the Marshall Plan?
7. What two alliances were formed during the Cold War?

2. Cold War Tensions Increase
Unit 9 – The Cold War
Cold War Tensions Increase

3. Fear of Communist Influence
Early 1950s - Americans believed they had good reason to fear for US security
USSR spread communism to satellite nations
Communism in China
Height of WWII, 100,000 Americans claimed Communist Party affiliation  loyalty to the USSR?

5. Loyalty Review Board
Truman accused of being “soft” on communism  March 1947, Truman issued an exec. order establishing the Federal Employee Loyalty Program
Included the Loyalty Review Board to investigate fed. employees and dismiss those disloyal to the US gov’t
3.2M investigated
212 dismissed
2,900 resigned – did not want to be investigated or felt rights were violated
Individuals under investigation were NOT allowed to see evidence against them (6th Amendment violation)

6. Race for the H-Bomb 1949 - Soviet Union tested atomic bomb
Truman vs Stalin race for the H-bomb – hydrogen bomb
67x more destructive than the atomic bomb
Nov. 1, 1952 – US tested first H-bomb
1953 – Soviets tested H-bomb

7. Policy of Brinkmanship
Sec of State, John Foster Dulles, staunch anti-communist
Dulles proposed to threaten any aggressor communist nation with nuclear weapons
Brinkmanship – the willingness of the US to go to the edge of all-out nuclear war
US trimmed army/navy, expanded air force, increased nuclear weapon supply
Constant fear of nuclear warfare

8. Nikita Khrushchev
1953 – Stalin died, a series of leaders take control for a few years until 1955
Nikita Khrushchev – Soviet leader who believed that communism would take over the world, however do this peacefully
Favored a policy of coexistence in which US and USSR would compete economically and scientifically

9. Open-Skies Proposal
July 1955 – Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders in Switzerland  Eisenhower suggested “open-skies” proposal
The US and USSR would allow flights over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks  build trust and decrease tensions
Soviets rejected the plan.
However, seen as step towards global peacekeeping.

10. The Suez War 1955 – Egypt to build dam on Nile River
Egypt played USSR and US to see who would give better aid  GB and US agreed but US withdrew offer later
Egypt angered and took control of the Suez Canal (owned by France and GB)
France, GB, and Israel sent troops and seized a part of the canal
UN stepped in  troops withdrawn and canal in Egypt’s control

11. Eisenhower Doctrine
USSR supported Egypt in the Suez War  Soviet prestige to rise in the Middle East
Eisenhower Doctrine – 1957, US would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country

12. CIA
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – gov’t agency that used spies to gather information abroad, carried out covert (secret) operations to weaken or overthrow opposing gov’ts
Established in 1947
Used extensively by Eisenhower’s administration to organize missions to prevent the spread of communism in the Middle East and Latin America
Tested different types of weapons to study effectiveness (ex: psychedelics)

13. Hungarian Uprising
1956 – Hungary revolted against Soviet control for a democratic gov’t
Soviet troops killed 30,000 Hungarians
200,000 Hungarians fled west
Truman Doctrine promised aid to countries resisting Communist powers, the US did nothing to help Hungary  Hungarians bitter and disappointed
No UN help either, all proposals were vetoed by USSR

14. Space Race
US vs USSR desire for international power/prestige  Space Race
Who can get a man into outer space first
USSR victory – Oct. 4, 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik, first artificial satellite that took pictures of Earth as it orbited it
US increased space funding  Jan. 31, 1958 – US launched its first satellite

15. U-2 Incident
“Open-skies” proposal rejected by USSR, however, US CIA continued to fly planes over USSR secretly to track military mov’t and missile sites
U-2 plane – could fly at high altitudes without being detected
By 1960, US officials nervous about U-2 program
Existence and purpose of U-2 planes was an open secret among some American press  Soviets had been aware of the flights for a few years
Eisenhower called for the discontinuation of the U-2 program, but not before 1 last flight

16. U-2 Incident
May 1, 1960 – Francis Gary Powers piloted a plane over Soviet territory
Shot down
Parachuted into Soviet territory
Sentenced to 10 years in Soviet prison
Released after 18 months in return for a Soviet agent convicted of spying in the US
Came to be known as the U-2 Incident

17. The U-2 Incident Khrushchev demanded apology for spying U-2 planes
Eisenhower agreed to stop flight, but would not apologize
Khrushchev called off soon-to-be peace summit and withdrew Eisenhower’s invitation to visit the USSR  Tensions growing between US and USSR

18. TOD: May 1
Answer the following questions on the same post it as the warm up:
1. What was the purpose of the Loyalty Review Board?
2. What was the Eisenhower Doctrine?
3. What happened on the last flight of one of the United States’ U-2 planes?
4. What agency was created that used spies to gather information abroad, carried out covert (secret) operations to weaken or overthrow opposing gov’ts?
5. What does it mean if you ask somebody if they are a communist and they say “no”?