1. WARM UP – November 14
Grab the handout and answer the following questions on a post it:
1. Why did the United States become involved in the conflict between North and South Korea?
2. Why is the Korean War referred to as being the “forgotten war”?
3. What did the United States fear as a result of the Korean War?

2. 5.7 Escalating Cold War

3. Fear of Communist Influence
Early 1950s - Americans believed they had good reason to fear for US security
USSR spread communism to satellite nations
Communism in China
Height of WWII, 100,000 Americans claimed Communist Party affiliation  loyalty to the USSR?

5. Loyalty Review Board
Truman accused of being “soft” on communism  March 1947, Truman issued an exec. order establishing the Federal Employee Loyalty Program
Included the Loyalty Review Board to investigate fed. employees and dismiss those disloyal to the US gov’t
3.2M investigated
212 dismissed
2,900 resigned – did not want to be investigated or felt rights were violated
Individuals under investigation were NOT allowed to see evidence against them (6th Amendment violation)

6. Race for the H-Bomb 1949 - Soviet Union tested atomic bomb
Truman vs Stalin race for the H-bomb – hydrogen bomb
67x more destructive than the atomic bomb
Nov. 1, 1952 – US tested first H-bomb
1953 – Soviets tested H-bomb

7. Policy of Brinkmanship
Sec of State, John Foster Dulles, staunch anti-communist
Dulles proposed to threaten any aggressor communist nation with nuclear weapons
Brinkmanship – the willingness of the US to go to the edge of all-out nuclear war
US trimmed army/navy, expanded air force, increased nuclear weapon supply
Constant fear of nuclear warfare

8. Nikita Khrushchev
1953 – Stalin died, a series of leaders take control for a few years until 1955
Nikita Khrushchev – Soviet leader who believed that communism would take over the world, however do this peacefully
Favored a policy of coexistence in which US and USSR would compete economically and scientifically

9. Open-Skies Proposal
July 1955 – Eisenhower met with Soviet leaders in Switzerland  Eisenhower suggested “open-skies” proposal
The US and USSR would allow flights over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks  build trust and decrease tensions
Soviets rejected the plan.
However, seen as step towards global peacekeeping.

10. The Suez War 1955 – Egypt to build dam on Nile River
Egypt played USSR and US to see who would give better aid  GB and US agreed but US withdrew offer later
Egypt angered and took control of the Suez Canal (owned by France and GB)
France, GB, and Israel sent troops and seized a part of the canal
UN stepped in  troops withdrawn and canal in Egypt’s control

11. Eisenhower Doctrine
USSR supported Egypt in the Suez War  Soviet prestige to rise in the Middle East
Eisenhower Doctrine – 1957, US would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country

12. CIA
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – gov’t agency that used spies to gather information abroad, carried out covert (secret) operations to weaken or overthrow opposing gov’ts
Established in 1947
Used extensively by Eisenhower’s administration to organize missions to prevent the spread of communism in the Middle East and Latin America
Tested different types of weapons to study effectiveness (ex: psychedelics)

13. Hungarian Uprising
1956 – Hungary revolted against Soviet control for a democratic gov’t
Soviet troops killed 30,000 Hungarians
200,000 Hungarians fled west
Truman Doctrine promised aid to countries resisting Communist powers, the US did nothing to help Hungary  Hungarians bitter and disappointed
No UN help either, all proposals were vetoed by USSR

14. Space Race
US vs USSR desire for international power/prestige  Space Race
Who can get a man into outer space first
USSR victory – Oct. 4, 1957 – USSR launched Sputnik, first artificial satellite that took pictures of Earth as it orbited it
US increased space funding  Jan. 31, 1958 – US launched its first satellite

15. U-2 Incident
“Open-skies” proposal rejected by USSR, however, US CIA continued to fly planes over USSR secretly to track military mov’t and missile sites
U-2 plane – could fly at high altitudes without being detected
By 1960, US officials nervous about U-2 program
Existence and purpose of U-2 planes was an open secret among some American press  Soviets had been aware of the flights for a few years
Eisenhower called for the discontinuation of the U-2 program, but not before 1 last flight

16. U-2 Incident
May 1, 1960 – Francis Gary Powers piloted a plane over Soviet territory
Shot down
Parachuted into Soviet territory
Sentenced to 10 years in Soviet prison
Released after 18 months in return for a Soviet agent convicted of spying in the US
Came to be known as the U-2 Incident

17. The U-2 Incident Khrushchev demanded apology for spying U-2 planes
Eisenhower agreed to stop flight, but would not apologize
Khrushchev called off soon-to-be peace summit and withdrew Eisenhower’s invitation to visit the USSR  Tensions growing between US and USSR

18. TOD: World War II and the Cold War
1. Two acts that supported the U.S. strategy of remaining neutral but also becoming an “arsenal of democracy” prior to entering World War II
2. Two theaters of war in World War II
3. Largest invasion in the history of warfare
4. Battle that represents a turning point in Europe in World War II
5. Battle that represents a turning point that allowed the U.S. to begin the strategy of “island hopping”

19. TOD: World War II and the Cold War
6. U.S. strategy during the Cold War
7. Term given to the nations located near the U.S.S.R that the Soviets used to obtain resources and made invasion difficult
8. Cold War policy of providing aid to free nations threatened by internal/external opponents
9. Cold War policy of providing aid to European nations following World War II
10. Korea was divided along the ____ parallel. What countries supported the North? Which supported the South?