1. Chapter 26: Section 4

2.  Eisenhower and Secretary of State Dulles  Anti-communist  Believe Cold War is a moral crusade  Idea that spread of communism could be stopped with promise of using ALL weapons against aggressors  Brinkmanship = willingness to “go to the edge” of all out war  United States:  Trains army / navy; expands air force; builds arsenal  Soviet Union matches  Schools have air raid drills  Families build bomb shelters

3.  CIA = new organization  1951, Iran}  Oil fields nationalized, owned by Britain  Britain boycotts oil / Iranian economy in trouble  United States sends millions $ to aid pro-Shah forces  Shah returned to power / oil fields returned to Britain

4.  Stalin dies – thaw in tensions  Soviet Union  Recognizes West Germany  Makes peace treaties with Austria and Japan  West Germany allowed to re-arm; joins NATO  Soviet Union concerned growth of NATO  Warsaw Pact = counter to NATO  Soviet Union and seven eastern European nations

5.  Eisenhower meets with Soviets  Propose “open skies” ▪ Each allow flights over the other’s country as guard against nuclear attacks  Soviets reject  World still sees as step toward peace

6.  US and Britain offer loan to Egypt to finance Aswan Dam on Nile River  Nasser, Egypt’s head, wants more money – also makes “friends” with Soviets secretly  US withdraws loan offer  Nasser:  nationalizes Suez Canal – owned by Britain & France  Prohibits ships bound for Israel  US, Britain, & France  Send troops  Seize Mediterranean end of Canal  United Nations  Persuades troop withdrawal  Allows Egypt to keep control of Canal

7.  Soviet prestige rising in Middle East  Supports Egypt  Eisenhower warns US would defend Middle Eastern countries against attack by communist country

8.  1956} rebelling against Soviet control  Nagy} popular, liberal communist  Forms new government ▪ Promises free elections ▪ Denounces Warsaw Pact ▪ Demands evacuation Soviet troops  Soviets}  Kill 30,000  Overthrows / executes Nagy  United States}  “containment” doesn’t apply to Soviet satellite nations  United Nations does nothing  Soviet Union sits on UN Security Council

9.  Nikita Khrushchev takes place of Stalin  Firm believer in communism  Believed could peacefully triumph as world system  Wanted scientific and economic competition  Sputnik} October 1957  1 st satellite, launched by Soviets ▪ Around the world at 18,000 mph  United States}  Shocked!! = pour money into program ▪ 1 st attempt fails ▪ Success January 1958

10.  CIA high altitude U-2 flights over Soviet Union  Response to rejection “open skies”  Detailed photos troop movements / missile sites  By 1960, nervous officials  Open secret among some members press  Soviets aware} radar! & shooting at them  Eisenhower wants discontinued  Scheduled summit with Khrushchev regarding arms race  May 1, 1960 = one more flight!  Gary Powers shot down  Sentenced 10 years in Soviet prison

11.  Eisenhower denies spying  Soviets have evidence  Demands apology  Demands promise to stop  Eisenhower}  Promises stop U-2 missions  Won’t apologize  Khrushchev}  Calls off summit  Withdraws invitation to visit Soviet Union  1960s = greater tension than previously