1. The Cold War Expands
Chapter 12 Section 3

2. Arms Race Heightens 1949: Soviets build atomic bomb
1952: U.S. develops hydrogen bomb
1953: Soviets develop hydrogen bomb
Arms Race: struggle to gain weapons superiority
Radioactive waste in atmosphere
Deterrence: stockpile enough weapons so no one would dare attack

3. Eisenhower’s New Policies
Eisenhower: lower military costs by focusing on stockpiling nuclear weapons
Massive Retaliation: U.S. would respond to communist threats to its allies by threatening to use crushing force (nuclear weapons)
Brinkmanship: belief that only by going to the brink of war could the U.S. protect against communist aggression

5. Stalin Replaced Nikita Khrushchev: replaced Stalin as leader of USSR
Wanted more peaceful relations with West
1955 Conference in Geneva: “peaceful co-existence”

6. The Cold War Goes Global
Satellite nations begin agitating for freedom
1956: uprising by workers in Poland
Won greater control of govt
No attempt to leave Warsaw Pact → USSR permits actions
Hungarian students and workers rebelled
Wanted Soviet troops removed and new elections
USSR responded with force
U.S. policy of massive retaliation was powerless

7. Suez Crisis Egypt & Israel tried to milk U.S./USSR rivalry
Suez Canal connected Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea
Flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe interrupted
GB, France & Israel seized control
U.S. criticized their actions, no help sent
Forced to withdraw troops

8. Strong Action
Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism
Sent troops to Lebanon to put down revolt against pro-U.S. govt
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): intelligence gathering agency established in 1947
Eisenhower approves covert (secret) operations to protect American interests
Aided coups in Iran and Guatemala
Anti-communist leaders in power
Long-term resentment against U.S.

9. Cold War in Space
1957: Soviets launch Sputnik – first artificial satellite to orbit Earth
Sputnik 2 launched with Laika (a dog)
National Defense Education Act: $1 billion program intended to produce more scientists
National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA): agency that coordinated the space-related efforts of U.S. scientists and military

10. Today… China: 100-200 warheads
France: Approximately 350 strategic warheads
Russia: 2,787 strategic warheads, approximately 2,000 operational tactical warheads, and approximately 8,000 stockpiled strategic and tactical warheads
United Kingdom: Less than 160 deployed strategic warheads
United States: 2,126 strategic warheads, approximately 500 operational tactical weapons, and approximately 6,700 reserve strategic and tactical warheads

11. Lecture Review Questions
#1: What methods did the United States use in its global struggle against the Soviet Union?
#2: Were Americans justified in being alarmed when the Soviets launched Sputnik? Explain.