7.2 Concentration and solubility Key concepts: how is concentration measured? Why is solubility useful in identifying substances? What factors affect the solubility of a substance? Key terms: dilute solution, concentrated solution, solubility, saturated solution, unsaturated solution, supersaturated solution

Concentrations Concentration has to do with the amount of solute per the amount of solvent. Dilute solution – only a little solute to the amount of solvent Concentrated solution – a lot of solute in the solution

Changing concentrations You can change the concentration by adding more solute, or removing solute.

Measuring concentration To measure concentration, you compare the amount of solute to the amount of solvent or to the total amount of solution

Solubility A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature Saturated solution – when you’ve added so much solute that you can’t dissolve anymore Unsaturated solution – if you can still dissolve more solute into the solvent

Working with solubility Solubility can be used to help identify a substance because it is a characteristic property of matter – depending on whether it mixes evenly with other stuff, it tells us stuff about the stuff.

Factors affecting solubility Pressure, type of solvent, temperature Pressure- affects gases. Higher pressure of gas solvent, more gas can dissolve. Solvents – “like dissolves like” – ionic and polar compounds usually dissolve in polar solvents. Nonpolar compounds usually do not dissolve in polar solvents.

Temperature For most solids – solubility increases as the temperature increases. For most gases – less soluble at higher temperature When heated, a solution can dissolve more solute than it can at cooler temperatures. Supersaturated solutions – more dissolved solute than is predicted by its solubility at a given temperature