1. Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution
Surface area of the solute
Stirring or shaking
Increase temperatures

2. Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution
Visual Concepts
Chapter 12
Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

3. Particle Model for Soluble and Insoluble Substances
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Particle Model for Soluble and Insoluble Substances

4. Particle Model for Soluble and Insoluble Substances
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Particle Model for Soluble and Insoluble Substances

5. Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Solution equilibrium - physical state in which the opposing processes of dissolution and crystallization of a solute occur at the same rates.

6. Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Saturated solution - solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute
If more solute is added to a saturated solution, it falls to the bottom of the container and does not dissolve.
Unsaturated solution - solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution

7. Mass of Solute Added Versus Mass of Solute Dissolved
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Mass of Solute Added Versus Mass of Solute Dissolved

8. Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Supersaturated solution - solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution contains under the same conditions.
A supersaturated solution will form crystals of solute if disturbed or more solute is added.

9. Chapter 12 Solubility Values
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Solubility Values
Solubility - amount of substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specified temperature.
example: The solubility of sugar is 204 g per 100 g of water at 20°C.

10. Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
Visual Concepts
Chapter 12
Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
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Visual Concept

11. Solute-Solvent Interactions
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Solute-Solvent Interactions
“Like dissolves like”
What makes substances similar depends on:
type of bonding
polarity or nonpolarity of molecules
intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent

12. Chapter 12 Like Dissolves Like Visual Concepts
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Visual Concept

13. Chapter 12 Dissolving Ionic Compounds in Aqueous Solution
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Dissolving Ionic Compounds in Aqueous Solution
The hydration of the ionic solute lithium chloride is shown below.

14. Chapter 12 Liquid Solutes and Solvents
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Liquid Solutes and Solvents
Immiscible - liquids that are not soluble in each
Miscible - liquids that dissolve freely in one another

15. Comparing Miscible and Immiscible Liquids
Visual Concepts
Chapter 12
Comparing Miscible and Immiscible Liquids
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Visual Concept

16. Chapter 12 Effects of Pressure on Solubility
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Effects of Pressure on Solubility
Increases in pressure increase gas solubilities in liquids.
An equilibrium is established between a gas above a liquid solvent and the gas dissolved in a liquid.

17. Pressure, Temperature, and Solubility of Gases
Visual Concepts
Chapter 12
Pressure, Temperature, and Solubility of Gases
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

18. Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Henry’s law - solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surface of the liquid.
Effervescence - rapid escape of a gas from a liquid in which it is dissolved

19. Chapter 12 Henry’s Law Visual Concepts
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Visual Concept

20. Chapter 12 Effervescence Visual Concepts
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Visual Concept

21. Chapter 12 Effects of Temperature on Solubility
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Effects of Temperature on Solubility
Increasing the temperature usually decreases gas solubility.
Increasing the temperature usually increases solubility of solids in liquids

22. Solubility vs. Temperature
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Solubility vs. Temperature

23. Enthalpies of Solution
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Enthalpies of Solution
The formation of a solution is accompanied by an energy change.
Enthalpy of solution - net amount of energy absorbed as heat by the solution when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent

24. Enthalpies of Solution
Section 2 The Solution Process
Chapter 12
Enthalpies of Solution
The diagram above shows the enthalpy changes that occur during the formation of a solution.