Mongols

Mongols were a small tribe among many Temujin – Later Chinggis (Genghis) Khan Became leader of tribe, eventually entire steppe. Name means Universal Emperor

Chinggis Khan Built autocratic state Broke loyalty of tribes Broke tradition Military success ‘Mongol’ now a political (not tribal) name

Why so successful? Traditional steppe warrior skills Horsemen Bowman Chinggis Khan adds: Efficient organization Discipline Fight as unit, not warrior

Why so successful? Communication Reconnaissance Assimilated technology of conquered people Psychological warfare

Mongols and China Trade (at first) Conflict Chinggis Khan crushed them His son managed China – Yuan

Was Chinggis Khan’s intention to be a world conqueror?

Mongol Empire C.K. ruthless in battle; tolerant ruler Capital Karakorum (city of tents) C.K. would not live in a city Scholars and monks invited Written History Religious tolerance

Pax Mongolica Trade Flourished (Negative consequence: Black Death) People could travel safely (Negative consequence: Black Death)

After Chinggis Khan Died 1227 Four Sons More conquering to do Four kingdoms (khanates) One is great khan (the strongest)

Kublai Khan Conquered China and reunifies Becomes Great Khan Founds Peking (A sedentary city ??!?)

Kublai Khan Destroyed Chinese hierarchy Did not trust scholar gentry Trusted foreigners 1.) Mongols 2.) Western Asians 3.) Subjects of Jin (first conquered) 4.) Southern Chinese (last conquered)

Kublai Khan Oppressive laws Scholar gentry turn to the arts Mongol empire began to decline 1294 when Kublai Khan died

Mongols in China Secret societies formed rebellion Poor peasant, Zhu Yuanzhang re-conquers country Established Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Renamed Hong Wu

Golden Horde Mongols an Invading force, not a ruling force Power shifted from Kiev to Moscow Muscovite princes successful Learned autocratic rule Cut off from rest of Europe (look more Eastern) Religion tolerated

Golden Horde Ivan I consolidated power Challenged and pushed out Mongols 1380 Battle of Kulikovo

Japan Twice invaded Typhoon/Kamikazee winds

Other Khanates Ilkhanate Persia 1256-1335 Adopted Islam/Became agricultural

Chagatai Heavily converted to Islam Limited cities (Except for trade)

Legacy of Chinggis Khan Tolerance Writing Trade Law Code