1. Mongolians!!!

2. The Nomadic Way of Life Steppe nomads are pastoralists—herd domesticated animals. Steppe nomads are pastoralists—herd domesticated animals. Way of life teaches Asian nomads to be skilled horse riders. Way of life teaches Asian nomads to be skilled horse riders. Nomads travel in clans—kin groups are linked by a common ancestor. Nomads travel in clans—kin groups are linked by a common ancestor.

3. Steppe Nomads and Settled Societies Nomads and people living in settled communities often interact. Nomads and people living in settled communities often interact. Some interactions are peaceful, as in trade. Some interactions are peaceful, as in trade. Sometimes nomads raid towns and cities to seize wealth and goods. Sometimes nomads raid towns and cities to seize wealth and goods. Strong state or empire could protect its lands from these invasions. Strong state or empire could protect its lands from these invasions.

4. Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols Genghis the Conqueror Genghis the Conqueror About 1200, Genghis Khan— ”universal ruler”—unites Mongols. About 1200, Genghis Khan— ”universal ruler”—unites Mongols. A brilliant organizer and strategist. A brilliant organizer and strategist. Uses brutality to terrorize his enemies and force surrenders. Uses brutality to terrorize his enemies and force surrenders. By 1225, Genghis Khan controls central Asia. By 1225, Genghis Khan controls central Asia.

5. The Khanates In east, Mongols conquer northern China and invade Korea. In east, Mongols conquer northern China and invade Korea. In west, Mongols take Kiev and threaten Vienna and Venice. In west, Mongols take Kiev and threaten Vienna and Venice. In 1250s, Mongols turn their attention to Persia. In 1250s, Mongols turn their attention to Persia. By 1260, Mongol Empire split into khanates of four regions. By 1260, Mongol Empire split into khanates of four regions.

6. The Mongol Empire Death and Succession Death and Succession Genghis Khan dies in 1227. Genghis Khan dies in 1227. Successors continue conquests for 50 years. Successors continue conquests for 50 years. The Mongols conquer territory from China to Poland. The Mongols conquer territory from China to Poland.

7. Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia & China) Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia) Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia) Ilkhanate (Persia)

9. Mongol Rule The Mongols as Rulers The Mongols as Rulers Mongol rulers are tolerant of other peoples and cultures. Mongol rulers are tolerant of other peoples and cultures. Some Mongols adopt local ways, leading to a split among khanates. Some Mongols adopt local ways, leading to a split among khanates. The Mongol Peace The Mongol Peace Peaceful period from mid-1200s to mid-1300s is called Pax Mongolica. Peaceful period from mid-1200s to mid-1300s is called Pax Mongolica. There was much east-west trade and exchange of ideas during this period. There was much east-west trade and exchange of ideas during this period.

10. Beginning a New Dynasty A New Emperor A New Emperor Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis, becomes great khan in 1260. Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis, becomes great khan in 1260. Kublai conquers China by 1279. Kublai conquers China by 1279. Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), a period of peace and prosperity. Kublai established the Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), a period of peace and prosperity. Kublai adopts Chinese ways, and builds capital at Beijing. Kublai adopts Chinese ways, and builds capital at Beijing. ‘Frill Doe… Pax Mongolica

11. Mongol Rule in China The Mongols and the Chinese The Mongols and the Chinese Mongols live separately from Chinese and follow own laws. Mongols live separately from Chinese and follow own laws. Mongols keep top government posts, and put Chinese in local positions. Mongols keep top government posts, and put Chinese in local positions. Kublai extends Grand Canal to Beijing, and builds a highway. Kublai extends Grand Canal to Beijing, and builds a highway.

12. Trade increases under Kublai, sending Chinese products to other lands. Trade increases under Kublai, sending Chinese products to other lands. Kublai invites merchants from other lands to China. Kublai invites merchants from other lands to China. Marco Polo at the Mongol Court Marco Polo at the Mongol Court Venetian trader, Marco Polo, visits China in 1275. Venetian trader, Marco Polo, visits China in 1275. Polo returns to Venice in 1292; tells stories of what he saw in China. Polo returns to Venice in 1292; tells stories of what he saw in China. Fabulous cities, fantastic wealth Fabulous cities, fantastic wealth Burning “black stones (coal) to heat Chinese homes Burning “black stones (coal) to heat Chinese homes Kublai Khan’s government and trade in Beijing Kublai Khan’s government and trade in Beijing These stories were gathered in a book, but most readers doubt its truth. These stories were gathered in a book, but most readers doubt its truth. Foreign Trade Not… Punny…

13. The End of Mongol Rule Declining Power Declining Power Failed expeditions to Southeast Asia show weakness of Yuan Dynasty. Failed expeditions to Southeast Asia show weakness of Yuan Dynasty. High taxes cause resentment. High taxes cause resentment. Yuan Dynasty Overthrown Yuan Dynasty Overthrown Kublai dies in 1294; successors are weak. Kublai dies in 1294; successors are weak. In 1300s, rebellions break out, leading to formation of Ming Dynasty. In 1300s, rebellions break out, leading to formation of Ming Dynasty. Decline of the Mongol Empire Decline of the Mongol Empire Mongol rule collapses in Persia in the 1330s; in Central Asia in the 1370s. Mongol rule collapses in Persia in the 1330s; in Central Asia in the 1370s. By the end of the 1300s, only Mongol rule in Russia remains, the Golden Horde. By the end of the 1300s, only Mongol rule in Russia remains, the Golden Horde. Mongolian Grill?