Midterm Review Global History 2012

1. What religions are monotheistic? Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

2. What are the effects of the spread of religion? Common cultural traits among civilizations that are considerable distances apart

3. What city do all three monotheistic faiths claim as their Holy City? Jerusalem

4. How are Christianity and Islam similar? They are both divided into sects or multiple branches

5. What two divisions was Islam divided into after Muhammad’s death? Sunni and Shiite

6. What is a barter economy? The exchange of one good for another (gold for spices)

7. What factors made empires successful? Strong military; powerful leaders; lots of resources

8. How did the Agricultural Revolution affect world population? Caused it to increase

9. What are the causes of the fall of empires (Roman Empire and Han Dynasty)? Corruption, economic problems, and outside invasions

10. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Roman culture was preserved by the Byzantine Empire.

11. What was one cultural effect from the Byzantine Empire on Russia? Spread of Orthodox Christianity

12. What are the effects of the increase in trade from 300-1500? Spread of religions; increase in population; spread of technology

13. What is a negative effect of human interaction (trade)? Spread of diseases (like the Black Plague)

14. How was society organized under the system of feudalism 14. How was society organized under the system of feudalism? What was the role of the peasants and serfs? Kings granted land to lords; lords sought protection of knights; serfs/peasants worked the land

15. During feudalism which people/ organization collected taxes? Lords, churches, kings/queens

16. How was wealth measured during feudalism? Amount of land owned

17. What was the role of the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages? Played a central role in society—very influential

18. What were the Crusades? Why were people motivated to go on the Crusades? Religious war between Christians and Muslims; people were motivated by religion and wealth

19. What are the long-term effects of the Crusades? Cultural exchange between the Middle East and Europe increased

20. Describe life in Africa prior to European contact. Made up of independent kingdoms

21. What are the causes of the spread of Islam 21. What are the causes of the spread of Islam? What are the effects of the spread of Islam? A common language; shared culture, and the teachings of the prophet Muhammad

22. What religion do most of the people practice in Northern Africa? Islam

23. Historically, what has affected the culture of the Middle East? Its location, foreign invasions, and the spread of Islam

24. Was the Islamic Empire politically unified 24. Was the Islamic Empire politically unified? Was the Islamic Empire culturally creative? YES

25. Describe life in the Americans prior to European contact. Thriving cultures; economically productive, many different religions

26. What was the Mongol Empire? Why was it significant? Key empire in Asia; served as unifying force in Asia

27. Spices, silk, and civil service exams first originated in which region of the world? Asia

28. What was the Silk Road? What two major regions of the world did the Silk Road connect? Trade route; connected Asia and Euorpe

29. What was the Black Plague 29. What was the Black Plague? What were the effects of the Black Plague? Disease that killed millions in Europe—spread through rats It hurt local economies; it spread due to trade/trade routes; people believed it was a punishment from God

30. Was the Renaissance Italy politically unified 30. Was the Renaissance Italy politically unified? Was the Renaissance Italy culturally creative? YES

31. Modern democracy can be traced to Ancient Greece and Rome.

32. Name the European countries that colonized the Americas. England, France, Spain

33. In response to absolute monarchies people desired democracy.

34. What continents were most affected by the Atlantic Slave Trade? Africa, Europe, North America, and South America

35. What were the effects of the printing press? Literacy rates increased

36. Who was Martin Luther. What institution did he challenge 36. Who was Martin Luther? What institution did he challenge? Why did he challenge it? What were the effects of his work? Led Protestant Reformation; wrote 95 Theses Challenged Catholic Church for selling indulgences Effect: Bible translated into German, reform of Catholic Church and creation of Lutheranism

37. Why did the Catholic Church divide as a result of the Reformation? Pope had become too powerful; taxes; and sale of indulgences was stopped

38. What was the Enlightenment 38. What was the Enlightenment? What were the main ideas of this time period? Period of thought/Age of Reason—natural rights, new forms of government; democracy was favored

39. Who was John Locke? What contribution did he make to the development of democracy? Enlightenment thinker; Natural rights

40. Who was Rousseau? What contribution did he make to the development of democracy? Enlightenment thinker; good of all should be placed before self-interest

41. Who was Montesquieu? What contribution did he make to the development of democracy? Enlightenment thinker; favored 3 branches of government

42. Who was Voltaire? What contribution did he make to the development of democracy? Enlightenment thinker; favored freedom of speech

43. What was the Scientific Revolution 43. What was the Scientific Revolution? What were the major themes of this time period? A period where scientists questioned traditional beliefs; themes: theories, discoveries, etc

44. What are the effects of European exploration? Decrease in native populations (due to conflict, spread of disease)

45. What was the Columbian Exchange? What were the effects? A result of exploration & trade; allowed goods to come from the old world to the new world

46. What is a long-term impact of the introduction of gunpowder to Europe? It made certain groups/empires stronger than others; allowed European global dominance

47. What was the Ottoman Empire? What was significant about it location? Controlled parts of Asia, Europe, and Africa It was located between Europe and Asia

48. What caused many cultural traits that developed in India prior to the 1700s? The influence of foreign powers

49. What were the effects of the large number of people that died due to disease in Latin America? Led to the use of slave labor

50. What are the causes of political revolutions? Unequal taxation; limited rights; new ideas; lack of resources

51. What are the effects of political revolutions? New leaders/forms of government; equal taxation

52. What was the Industrial Revolution 52. What was the Industrial Revolution? What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution? Period of mass industrialization and urbanization; it was fueled by European colonization as they desired natural resources/raw materials

53. What is capitalism? Economic system in which interaction of buyers and sellers determines how resources are used/distributed

54. Who was Karl Marx? What did predict would happen to all capitalist societies? Founder of communism predicted that the proletariat (the working class) would overthrow capitalism

55. What is communism? Government owns most of the factors of production; centrally planning agencies decide what to produce

56. What characteristics made early cities successful? Their location (often near water); access to trade routes; technological advances

57. Historically, in what ways have people gained power? Revolutions, land ownership, and military conquest

58. Historically, what has affected the culture of the Middle East? Its location, the spread of Islam, and foreign invasions

59. What is a primary source? Give an example. Magna Carta, U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights, etc.

60. What are the causes of war and conquest? (Change from results) Increase in population; decrease in food supply; lack of available resources