Ch. 1 Notes Group 3 and 4

Crime Labs and Types of Evidence How many public crime laboratories operate in the US? 350 What levels of Government have crime labs? Federal, state, county, municipal Why has the number of crime laboratories increased by more than three times since 1966? Greater emphasis on evidence, introduction of DNA as evidence, increased drug use

Four Major Federal Crime Labs 1. FBI Largest crime lab in the world 2. Drug Enforcement Administration Analysis of seized drugs 3. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives Evidence dealing with alcohol, tobacco, firearms or explosives 4. US Postal Inspection Service Crimes related to postal service

Additional Divisions of Federal Government 1. USCIS (United States Citizenship and Immigration Services)- crimes dealing with foreign affairs, legal and illegal immigration 2. IRS (Internal Revenue Service)- tax evasion and fraud 3. SS (Social Security)- identity fraud 4. NCIC (National Crime Information Center)- way to link crimes across the United States.

Crime labs have the following units for what purposes? 1. Physical Science Analyze chemical composition of physical evidence. 2. Biology Analyze biological evidence (blood, tissue, semen, saliva, etc). 3. Firearms Analyze discharged bullets, weapons, gunpowder residue. 4. Document Analysis Analyze handwriting (forged documents, ransom notes) 5. Crime Scene Investigation Unit Investigates crime scenes and collects evidence.

Group 4- Important People Archimedes: Determined a crown wasn’t made of gold, used water displacement methods. First to use any type of forensics. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: created Sherlock Holmes character, first to apply concepts of serology, fingerprinting, firearm identification, questioned document examination. Mathieu Orfila: Father of Forensic Toxicology; detection of poison and effects on animals

Group 4- Important People Francis Galton: studied and classified fingerprints. Showed uniqueness of fingerprints. First to organize them into a database. Leone Lattes: First to use blood type as method for identification. Could determine blood type from a dried stain. Calvin Goddard: First used a comparison microscope to determine if a bullet came from the questioned firearm

Group 4- Important People Albert S. Osborn: Known for his work with principles of document examination. Hans Gross: One of the first founders of criminalistics. Founded on the first crime labs.