Reaction against Revolutionary Ideas & Global Nationalism Week 2-6 Ms. Lyons

Reaction against Revolutionary Ideas

Congress of Vienna (1815) 2 goals: 4 points of view keep France from controlling EU balance of power restore monarchs to power Conservatism Traditionalism 4 points of view Austria, Russia, England, France

More Revolutions in Europe! Early 1800’s 2 Causes: Nationalism (free from Napoleon’s rule) Liberalism (democracy) Effect: Scared rulers a little, but mostly failed because…. No wide spread support Revolutionaries were divided Powerful governments crushed revolts

Czarist Russia Russia was not changed by the French Revolution. Czars did not reform (wanted to keep control) Feudalism (still) 1861: Alexander II frees the serfs! Too poor to buy land, crowded into cities Russification One language, one church (Russian Orthodox) Pogroms (organized violence against Jews) Imperialism (more territory) Sent exiles to frozen tundra in Siberia Created trans-Siberian railroad

Instability in Latin America Geographic barriers (mountains, etc.) Hard to unite! Social inequality Oligarchy, encomienda system Military rulers (caudillos) Repressive dictators Catholic Church = powerful Owned land, controlled education Economic problems Cash crops (depended on Spain/Portugal)

Mexican Revolution 1910-1930 Causes Leaders Dictator: Porfirio Diaz Only rich make $ from industry Most people had no money, land, or education Leaders Emiliano Zapata peasant revolt in south, wanted land reform Francisco “Pancho” Villa north Mexico, US hated him Venustiano Carranza president in 1917 – new constitution

Effects of Mexican Revolution Constitution: land reform, gov’t took church land, more rights for workers & women Social Reforms: 1st LA nation reformed, public schools & libraries Economic nationalism: lowered foreign dependence, gov’t controlled industry Cultural nationalism: writers, murals showed struggles of people

Global Nationalism

Nationalism: Unifies & Divides Unifies Germany & Italy Divides Austrian & Ottoman empires

ITALY Since fall of Roman empire (400’s) – broken into small states Camillo Cavour “the brain” Make friends with France & Prussia Diplomacy Giuseppe Garibaldi “the sword” Won control of the south & united with the north Army = “the red shirts”

GERMANY Prussia is the leader of the German states Otto von Bismark “blood and iron” War & industrialization Took land from: Denmark, Austria, France 1871: unified Germany under Prussia

Zionism A movement to build a Jewish state in Palestine Late 1800’s Israel = formed in 1948 Late 1800’s Anti-Semitism & pogroms in Europe

INDIA Controlled by the British 1885: Indian National Congress Mostly Hindus Wanted democracy & westernization 1906: Muslim League Protect their interests (different from Hindus) Talk of separate Muslim state Pakistan 1947: Independence!

BALKANS Area in the Ottoman Empire By 1908: many countries won independence Greece, Serbia… Ottoman Empire = “Sick man of Europe” European powers wanted land

BALKANS… 1914: known as the “Powder keg” of Europe …World War I