1. 19th Century European Nation-States

2. The rise of napoleon Served in revolutionary army Military genius
Rose rapidly through ranks
1799 coup to overthrow Directory
First Consul of French Republic
New Constitution in 1800
Citizens voted him emperor in 1804

3. Napoleon’s success Restored economic order Balanced budget
Formed national bank
Restored social order
Émigrés returned
Privilege by birth abolished
Restored religious order
Concordant of 1801
Freedom of worship
Restored legal order
Napoleonic Code
Abolished estates, equal legal rights

4. Napoleon’s weakness
Believed he could modernize Europe
Fought wars of expansion
Waged economic warfare in the Continental System
Russian invasion in 1812 was disaster
European coalition defeated Napoleon at Leipzig, final defeat at Waterloo
Died in exile on St. Helena

5. Latin American revolutions
Saint-Domingue (Haiti) was first and only successful slave revolt
Wealthy due to sugar plantations
Toussaint Louverture led revolt of maroons, free blacks, and slaves
Creoles in Latin America resented control by peninsulares
De Iturbide led Mexican independence
Bolivar and San Martin led South American independence
Brazil under Dom Pedro I was peaceful and only monarchy

6. Congress of Vienna
Major European powers met to restore balance of power after Napoleon
Austria, England, Prussia, and Russia were the major players
French monarchy was restored under Louis XVIII
Surrounded France with strong states
Continued to meet yearly as the “Concert of Europe”

7. Political ideologies
Conservatism – wanted monarchies, believed revolution was bad, return to the status quo
Liberalism – wanted to limit the power of the monarchs, favored enlightened ideas, usually the bourgeoisie, republican forms of government
Radicalism – believed in revolution with violence if necessary, more government participation for people, social reforms, inspired communism

8. Revolutionary ideals
Abolitionist movement gains traction in early 1800s with new legislation
By 1888, slavery was banned in all of the Atlantic states
Women’s rights advocated by Mary Wollstonecraft
Women gained choices in education
Right to vote will not happen until 20th century

9. Nationalism in italy
City-states ruled by foreigners
Guissepe Mazzini led “Young Italy”
Early revolts unsuccessful
Camillo di Cavour of Sardinia allied with France and provoked Austria to war
Garibaldi led “Red Shirts” in the south
Unified Italy became constitutional monarchy under Victor Emmanuel
Vatican City created for Church

10. Nationalism in Germany 1864-1871
HRE dissolved under Napoleon
Prussia and Austria led Federal Diet
Zollverein became basis of conflict
Otto von Bismarck led unification through use of “realpolitik”
Provoked war with Austria and France
Unification biggest event of 19th century
William II crowned Kaiser of the Second Reich

11. Nationalism in other states
Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1821
Bourbon monarchy depose d in 1830
Revolutions of 1848 deposed Louis Philippe
Second Republic led by Louis Napoleon as president
Napoleon III crown emperor