Respiratory Review

Nares Septal Cartilage Warm Humidify Filter (trap debris) Paranasal sinuses Speech Pharynx Larynx Tonsils

Nostrils Nasal Cavity Posterior Nasal Aperture (Choanae) Pharynx: Nasopharynx adenoids oropharynx laryngopharynxx Epiglottis vocal cords Trachea carina

F. Diffusion G.Higher Concentration H. Lower Concentration B. Air of alveoli to capillary bed E. Capillary blood to tissue cells J. Tissue cells to capillary bed D. Capillary blood to alveolar air C. Carbon dioxide-poor and oxygen rich I. Oxygen Poor and carbon-dioxide rich

Study Checklist Three major functions of the respiratory system Identify major structures of the respiratory system and their functions Site and method for gas exchange Mechanics of breathing (inspiration vs. expiration) Control of Breathing Respiratory Adjustments Mechanisms of Voice Production Measuring Lung Volume

Three major functions? Warm (Capillaries) Moisten (Mucous) Filter (Cilia) In addition to being highly concentrated in capillaries, nasal cavity membranes also has many sensory nerve endings (triggers sneeze reflex)

Major structures of the respiratory system Sinuses Nares Nasal Spetum Nasal cavity Conchae Hard Palate Soft Palate Epiglottis Pharynx (Throat) Hyoid Bone Larynx (Voice Box) Thyroid Cartilage Cricoid Cartilage Vocal Folds Trachea (Windpipe) Lungs Pleura Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli (Site of gas exchange) Diaphragm

Site and Method for Gas Exchange Alveoli Cause? Diffusion Be able to describe roles of the bronchioles and capillaries in regulation (Help video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipkSJi9l9PY)

Mechanics of ventilation (inspiration vs. expiration)

Control of Breathing Location of the neural respiratory centers? Pons & Medulla Chemical Control? Chemoreceptor detection of CO2 levels Pressure Control? Mechanoreceptors in lungs

Respiratory Adjustments Exercise? Increased need for oxygen causes increased rate of ventilation Altitude? Increased altitude has decreased atmospheric pressure  less oxygen available. Can lead to acute mountain sickness. (Symptoms include headaches, shortness of breath, nausea, dizziness)

Voice Production Length and tension of cords change pitch Faster vibration = higher pitch Male vocal cords become longer and thicker during puberty. slower vibration = lower pitch (voice deepening) Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

*Be able to match terms to definition and to graph Measuring Lung Volume Vital Capacity-Maximum amount of air moved in and out of the lungs Tidal volume-amount of air that you move in and out of your lungs while breathing normally is called. Expiratory reserve - amount of air that remains in the lungs after exhaling normally but which can be expelled Residual volume - amount of air in the lungs cannot be expelled *Be able to match terms to definition and to graph