Scientific Method

*a body of techniques for investigating patterns in nature, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.

Control

The sample in an experiment that is used to compare to the experimental samples; The “normal” condition Ex: in a test of which fertilizer is the best to help plants grow, the control would be water.

Independent variable

*the variable representing the value being manipulated or changed. *Think of the “I” in independent meaning… “what am I changing” Ex: in a test of which fertilizer is the best to help plants grow, the independent variable or what Is being changed is what the plants are getting ( the fertilizer)

Dependent Variable

the observed result of the independent variable being manipulated. *think of it as, what is the data being collected?? Ex: in a test of which fertilizer is the best to help plants grow, the independent variable or what Is being changed is what the plants are getting ( the fertilizer) and the observed result is the plant growth…so the dependent variable is the growth of the plants

How do you make a good graph?

Title The independent variable is on the X-axis; title the axis and give units The dependent variable in on the y-axis; title the axis and give units Connect “points” for a line graph, large enough to see; Use graph paper or computer

MOLECULE

A group of atoms so united or combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state Ex: Water H H

Inorganic

Relating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis Water and Oxygen are inorganic; do not contain carbon. Water = H20 Oxygen = O2

Organic

relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis Methanol and Glucose is organic; containing carbon H Methanol= CH3OH H C OH

Polarity of water

Water has a slightly positive and negative charge on different sides. Hydrogen Oxygen

Density

The ratio of mass, or quantity of matter the spatial property of being crowded together Less dense More dense

Solvent

a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances"the solvent does not change its state in forming a solution" Ex: In making Koolaid, the water is the solvent and the koolaid powder and sugar are the solutes.

pH Acids and bases

The measure Of hydrogen ions On a solution Determines the pH of the Bases: pH over 7 Acids: pH under 7 Neutral=7 alcohol

Macromolecule

any very large complex molecule; found only in plants and animals Ex: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA

Carbohydrates

an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals; includes simple sugars with small molecules as well as macromolecular substances are classified according to the number of monosaccharide groups they contain; monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

Monosaccharide

The smallest unit of a carbohydrate. Two link together to form a disaccharide and many link together to form a polysaccharide Mono(one): glucose, fructose, galactose Di(two): Lactose, sucrose, maltose Poly(many): cellulose, starch, glycogen

Triglyceride

glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; an important energy source forming much of the fat stored by the body

Minerals

An inorganic species or substance occurring in nature Nutrient needed to help various cell part EX: magnesium, calcium, iron

Vitamins

any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal metabolism Ex. Vitamin C (healthy cell membranes, wound healing) Vitamin K (fat-soluble vitamin ,helps in the clotting of blood Vitamin D (bone growth)

Lipid

an oily organic compound insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents; essential structural component of living cells Made up of a unit of glycerol that attaches 1-3 fatty acids * Long carbon chains High energy/calorie Ex: fats, waxes, oils

Protein

any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legume

Amino Acid

*The units that make up proteins *There are 22 essential amino acids needed to make proteins in your body. *Amino acids link together at the nitrogen forming peptide bonds.

Chemical reaction

*reactants *products

Enzyme

any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions Increase rate of reaction and reduce the amount of Energy required ( activation energy) Note: In the lab, you used the enzyme catalase from a potato and added it to the Substrate, Hydrogen peroxide, to produce water and oxygen. Catalase H2O2  O2 + H2O Hydrogen peroxide Oxygen Water

Enzyme-substrate Complex

When an enzyme and substrate fit together they change shape slightly and the reaction takes place. The enzyme returns to normal and can be reused. “Induced fit” reused

Active site

*The pocket or groove on an enzyme where the substrate fits. *One substrate fits to one specific enzyme like a “key in a lock” Active site Substrates Enzyme

DNA and RNA

Nucleic acids composed of nucleotides A nucleotide contains one sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), one phosphate group and one of 4 bases. These link together to form the DNA or RNA phosphate base sugar

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid Carries the genetic code that is carried to the cytoplasm in the form of RNA Contains the code that determines the production of proteins that determine how living organisms look and function Bases: A. T, C, G Double stranded Replicates stays in nucleus

RNA

Ribonucleic acid Reads the code of DNA and bring the message to the cytoplasm where proteins are made. Sugar= ribose Bases= A,G,C,Uracil Single stranded

Starch

A polysaccharide; many glucose molecules attached together. A complex carbohydrate For energy storage in plants. Ex: bread, crackers, corn contain starches

Cellulose

A carbohydrate made of many glucose molecules bond together like a bundle of straws where one straw is a chain of glucose. *makes up most of plant material for structure and support of plants EX: cell wall is make of cellulose