Mutations are changes in the genetic information of a DNA sequence. Genetic Mutations Mutations are changes in the genetic information of a DNA sequence.

Genetic Mutations: Why are there mutations? Mutations can: Permanent change in a cell’s DNA Why are there mutations? Mutations occur when there are problems with transcription and translation Mutations can: Cause death in the fetus, child, or adult Cause problems in the child or adult without death Cause no harmful effects at all

Two Types: Point Mutations: occur at one particular nucleotide in the DNA sequence Frameshift Mutations: the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases Causes the entire sequence to be shifted after the mutation

Gene Substitutions: The grouping of the codons remains the same, but there is a substitution in one of the base pairs. Example: DNA: TAC GCA TGG mRNA: AUG CGU ACC Amino Acid: Met Arg Thr SUBSTITUTION DNA: TAC GTA TGG mRNA: AUG CAU ACC Amino Acid: Met His Thr

Chromosomal Mutations: These mutations can cause: Change in chromosome number Change in structure of chromosome Change the location of genes on the chromosome Change the number of copies of a gene

Chromosomal Mutations Four main types: 1. Deletion- ABC•DEF AC•DEF 2. Duplication- ABC•DEF ABBC•DEF 3. Inversion- ABC•DEF AED•CBF 4. Translocation- AB•CD + EF•GH AB•GH + EF•CD